Figure 3.

Resistance management. (A) Frequency of the resistant r allele in emerging adults and (B) population size relative to initial size, over time (insect generations) with no insect releases (black lines) and with release of toxin‐susceptible modified males carrying a female‐lethal genetic construct at fixed ratio of 1 : 2 to males emerging in the wild (grey lines). The released insects act in synergy with the Bt crops. This represents a generic pest for which resistance to Bt plants is recessive with partially‐dominant fitness costs, where refuge is 4% of the habitat. Based on a deterministic, discrete‐generation model reported in Alphey (2009).