TABLE 2—
Summary of Meta-Analyses of Prospective-Longitudinal Risk and Protective Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Against Women
| Meta-Analysis |
||||
| Factor | No. Women | No. Studies | OR (95% CI) | I2 (τ2) |
|
Individual level | ||||
| Racial/ethnic identity | ||||
| Black (vs all else) | 30 669 | 8 | 1.15 (0.73, 1.81) | 89.2 (0.38) |
| Latina (vs all else) | 27 137 | 6 | 1.11 (0.73, 1.70) | 80.7 (0.19) |
| White (vs all else) | 3 599 | 2 | 0.72 (0.49, 1.05) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Women’s education: less than high school | 28 561 | 5 | 1.40 (0.98, 1.99) | 71.1 (0.10) |
| Age (continuous) | 19 623 | 10 | 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) | 68.7 (0.00) |
| Pregnancy status | ||||
| Recent pregnancy | 13 406 | 3 | 0.89 (0.64, 1.24) | 62.1 (0.05) |
| Unwanted pregnancy | 6 874 | 2 | 1.24 (0.91, 1.69) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Unplanned pregnancy | 3 085 | 2 | 1.66 (1.20, 2.31) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Youth victimization | 5 572 | 2 | 1.67 (0.59, 4.72) | 81.8 (0.47) |
| Alcohol use | ||||
| Binge drinking (binary) | 4 604 | 3 | 1.20 (0.96, 1.49) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Greater use (continuous) | 2 633 | 4 | 1.08 (0.91, 1.28) | 67.0 (0.02) |
| Substance use | ||||
| Marijuana use | 4 192 | 3 | 1.23 (0.93, 1.64) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Other substance use | 4 192 | 3 | 1.43 (0.81, 2.54) | 71.1 (0.18) |
| Experience of child abuse | 1 397 | 4 | 1.30 (0.93, 1.80) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Antisocial behavior | ||||
| In adolescence | 1 342 | 3 | 1.15 (0.96, 1.37) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| In childhood | 880 | 2 | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) | 88.1 (0.01) |
| Traditional gender role attitudes | 865 | 2 | 1.16 (0.94, 1.42) | 0.0 (0.00) |
|
Relational level | ||||
| Relationship status | ||||
| Married | 6 410 | 3 | 0.93 (0.87, 0.99) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Cohabiting | 1 231 | 2 | 1.52 (0.90, 2.55) | 69.1 (0.10) |
| Women’s family structure (single parent) | 3 268 | 4 | 1.57 (0.86, 2.88) | 44.0 (0.16) |
| Women’s higher relationship satisfaction | 2 703 | 3 | 0.79 (0.56, 1.12) | 89.9 (0.09) |
| Positive woman–parent relationship | 2 474 | 2 | 0.96 (0.91, 1.02) | 77.8 (0.00) |
| Women’s parents’ education: less than high school | 2 452 | 3 | 1.55 (1.10, 2.17) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Greater partner alcohol use | 1 550 | 2 | 1.07 (0.97, 1.17) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Women’s association with deviant peers | 949 | 2 | 0.86 (0.66, 1.12) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Women’s family SES (lower) | 813 | 2 | 1.58 (0.78, 3.20) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Partner’s experience of greater parental monitoring | 365 | 2 | 1.69 (0.65, 4.39) | 76.7 (0.38) |
|
Community level | ||||
| Neighborhood disadvantage | 2 807 | 3 | 0.93 (0.87, 1.00) | 0.0 (0.00) |
| Residential instability | 4 955 | 2 | 0.45 (0.06, 3.33) | 83.7 (1.81) |
| Higher social support | 6 068 | 3 | 0.96 (0.88, 1.04) | 68.9 (0.00) |
Note. CI = confidence interval; OR = odds ratio; SES = socioeconomic status.