TABLE 1—

Four-Step Process Framework for Critical Reflexivity at Community Level

Step	Function	Key Questions	Key Challenges
Step 1: Reflect.	Intentionally, systematically examine outcomes in context related to shared goals and of processes and representation of diverse perspectives.	Outcomes: What did we set out to accomplish? What did we accomplish? What do the data tell us? Are there areas where we did not achieve intended outcomes? What were unintended or anticipated outcomes from our efforts? Processes: What did we do collectively? What did each of us do in the process? Are there voices missing from the process that should be included?	Multiple perspectives and experiences Competing agendas Interpretation of evaluation data Reaching consensus on assessment of the experience thus far
Step 2: Assess.	Collectively make meaning of the process and determine why certain processes or actions led to success or failure.	Outcomes: Were our outcomes what we want(ed)? Processes: What specific actions or processes led to our outcomes? If something worked well, why did it work? If something did not work, what assumptions were we making that we need to change? Are there structures in place that are inhibiting success?	Different levels of understanding of the process and underlying theory of change Reaching consensus on attribution of success or failure to specific processes or actions Tendency to blame rather than take ownership for negative outcomes Politics and power imbalance
Step 3: Specify changes.	Explore feasible options for strengthening successful processes and altering unsuccessful ones; document specific plan of action.	Outcomes: How do we need to modify our actions to achieve the desired outcome(s)? Processes: What options are feasible given our resources? What changes do we need to make to processes and actions? Are there broader structures that need to change? What are the specific actions that need to be taken? Who is going to do them, when, and with what resources?	Differing perspectives and agendas influencing potential strategies considered Consensus regarding how to modify processes and actions
Step 4: Implement and evaluate.	Implement and evaluate the planned changes; cycle back to step 1.	Outcomes: Is there evidence that our changes are having the intended effect(s)? Processes: How are we doing? Are changes being implemented as planned? Are we communicating regularly? Are we being accountable to the community for our efforts?	Historical relationships and experiences Entrenched mental models and processes Lack of adequate resources, supports, and authority to change what needs to change