Table 1.
Subject Characteristics, Grouped by Presence of Self-Reported On/Off Symptoms (n=223)
| Variable | No fluctuations (NF), (n=134) | Treated fluctuations (TF) (n=68) | Untreated fluctuations (UF) (n=21) | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Information | ||||
| Age, years† | 69.0 (67.3–70.7) | 62.0 (59.8–64.1) | 66.4 (63.0–69.9) | *** |
| Age at PD onset, years† | 64.5 (62.7–66.3) | 50.9 (48.4–53.5) | 59.4 (55.0–63.8) | *** |
| Sex, male‡ | 93 (69.4%) | 46 (67.6%) | 12 (57.1%) | 0.515 |
| Mini-Mental State Exam† | 28.4 (28.1–28.6) | 28.1 (27.7–28.6) | 28.4 (27.7 (29.1) | 0.895 |
| Family history of PD‡ | 33 (24.6%) | 17 (25.0%) | 7 (35.0%) | 0.656 |
| Parkinson’s disease characteristics | ||||
| Disease duration† | 4.5 (3.9–5.1) | 11.0 (9.4–12.6) | 7.0 (4.8–9.1) | *** |
| Hoehn & Yahr stage† | 2.1 (2.0–2.2) | 2.4 (2.3–2.6) | 2.3 (2.0–2.6) | 0.007** |
| UPDRS-III Motor Examination score† | 16.8 (15.2–18.4) | 19.6 (16.4–22.8) | 22.0 (17.7–26.4) | 0.069 |
| Quality of Life (PDQ-8)† | 4.9 (4.1–5.6) | 8.0 (6.9–9.1) | 9.2 (6.9–11.4) | *** |
| Levodopa Usage (yes/no) | 118 (88.1%) | 68 (100%) | 20 (95.2%) | 0.003** |
| LEDD (mg/day)† | 510 (457–564) | 897 (775–1018) | 721 (596–846) | *** |
| Dopamine agonist usage | 41 (30.6%) | 28 (43.8%) | 4 (19.0%) | 0.0691 |
| MAO inhibitor usage | 17 (12.7%) | 16 (24.2%) | 0 | 0.009**1 |
| COMT inhibitor usage | 36 (26.9%) | 49 (74.2%) | 4 (19.0%) | ***1 |
| # With Bilateral DBS (n, %) | 7 (5.2%) | 19 (27.9%) | 0 | — |
| Fluctuations | ||||
| UPDRS-II ADL “on” vs. “off” score difference† | 1.24 (0.94–1.54) | 4.50 (3.47–5.53) | 3.38 (1.19–5.57) | *** |
| Mood Fluctuations (non-UPDRS)‡ | 2 (1.5%) | 10 (14.7%) | 4 (19.0%) | *** |
| Psychiatric Measures | ||||
| HAM-D-17 total score† | 6.0 (5.3–6.8) | 7.7 (6.5–8.8) | 13.0 (10.1–15.9) | *** |
| MADRS total score† | 6.5 (5.4–7.7) | 8.3 (6.6–10.0) | 16.0 (11.5–20.6) | *** |
| IDS-C total score | 10.9 (9.4–12.3) | 12.8 (10.7–14.8) | 22.8 (17.0–28.6) | *** |
| BDI total score | 9.0 (7.7–10.4) | 10.4 (8.8–12.0) | 16.9 (13.0–20.8) | *** |
| Any current depressive disorder (DSM- IV TR diagnosis)‡ | 50 (37.3%) | 37 (54.4%) | 15 (71.4%) | 0.003** |
| Suicidality Present‡ (yes/no) | 18 (13.4%) | 9 (13.2%) | 10 (47.6%) | 0.001** |
| SSRI use | 33 (24.6%) | 27 (39.7%) | 9 (42.9%) | 0.040* |
| Past or current alcohol abuse | 7 (5.2%) | 3 (4.4%) | 0 | 0.889 |
Patients with a score of 1 or greater on any of the four depression scale suicide items were counted as having suicidality present. SSRI = Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor; MAO = monoamine oxidase; COMT = catechol-O-methyltransferase. For the no fluctuations group, n=133 for PDQ-8 assessment and n=132 for BDI total score. For the treated fluctuations group, n=66 for the BDI scale, MAO inhibitor use, COMT inhibitor use, and dopamine agonist use. For the untreated fluctuations group, n=20 for family history of PD.
p-values derived from Kruskal-Wallis tests (df = 2) calculated in reference to χ2.
p-value derived from Fisher’s exact tests.
p-values represent Fisher’s exact tests between treated fluctuators and untreated fluctuators only.
p<0.05,
p<0.01,
p<0.001.