Table 1.
Descriptive characteristics of the dependent and independent variables for fathers (n = 903) and mothers (n = 1197)
| Fathers | Mothers | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variables | M | SD | Range | % | M | SD | Range | % | t |
| Parenting behaviors | |||||||||
| Affection | 5.26 | .70 | 1.8–6 | 5.45 | .57 | 1–6 | −6.67*** | ||
| Responsivity | 5.14 | .63 | 2.3–6 | 5.40 | .52 | 1–6 | −10.02*** | ||
| Explaining | 5.13 | .59 | 1.8–6 | 5.35 | .52 | 1–6 | −9.15*** | ||
| Autonomy support | 4.28 | .76 | 1–6 | 4.34 | .75 | 1.5–6 | −1.89 | ||
| Punishing | 3.42 | .91 | 1–5.8 | 3.43 | .90 | 1–6 | −0.33 | ||
| Rewarding | 3.47 | .97 | 1–6 | 3.42 | .99 | 1–6 | 1.11 | ||
| Parental factors | |||||||||
| Level of education (years) | 13.36 | 2.24 | 6–16 | 13.07 | 2.15 | 6–16 | 2.96** | ||
| Age (years) | 42.90 | 6.46 | 23–60 | 40.38 | 6.12 | 22–60 | 9.07*** | ||
| Working hours | 35.77 | 13.24 | 0–90 | 17.81 | 11.93 | 0–75 | −32.10*** | ||
| Working hours partner | 17.69 | 11.94 | 0–50 | 35.62 | 13.75 | 0–85 | −31.91*** | ||
| Child factors | |||||||||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Male | 54 | 51 | |||||||
| Female | 46 | 49 | |||||||
| Age (years) | 9.42 | 4.67 | 2–17 | 9.37 | 4.55 | 2–17 | 0.21 | ||
| Social support, from: | |||||||||
| Parents/parents-in-law | 2.66 | 1.17 | 1–6 | 2.93 | 1.22 | 1–6 | −5.10*** | ||
| Other family members | 2.53 | 1.01 | 1–6 | 2.62 | 1.05 | 1–6 | −5.86*** | ||
| Friends | 2.71 | 1.06 | 1–6 | 3.11 | 1.07 | 1–6 | −8.63*** | ||
| Neighbors | 1.76 | 0.97 | 1–6 | 1.79 | 1.00 | 1–6 | −0.73 | ||
| Childcare/playgroup/school | 2.39 | 1.08 | 1–6 | 2.50 | 1.05 | 1–6 | −2.39** | ||
For dummy variables only the percentages are reported
*p < .05. **p < .01. ***p < .001