Table 2.

Mean and Standard Deviations of Harm Beliefs and Risk Appraisals by Smoking Status

	Nonsmoker Status		Waterpipe Smoker	F	p<	η2
	Not susceptible	Susceptible
1.The health risks of waterpipe tobacco smoking are over-exaggerated.	6.08a	5.14b	4.21c	92.1	.0001	.22
	(1.30)	(1.43)	(1.61)
2.If you did smoke waterpipe tobacco, you wouldn’t smoke enough to be hurting your health. [For smokers, You don’t smoke enough to be hurting your health].	5.65a	4.05b	3.52c	89.3	.0001	.21
	(1.76)	(1.87)	(1.61)
3.Smoking waterpipe once or twice a month is not harmful.	5.86a	4.41b	3.34c	148.4	.0001	.31
	(1.33)	(1.64)	(1.66)
4.If you did smoke waterpipe tobacco, you will have quit long before you need to worry about getting health problems. [For smokers: You will have quit long before you need to worry about getting health problems].	4.69a	3.62b	3.56b	28.7	.0001	.08
	(2.02)	(1.70)	(1.51)
5.Smoking waterpipe for an hour or two in such settings as hookah bars, café and lounges is not harmful to your health.	6.12a	5.12b	4.26c	97.0	.0001	.21
	(1.21)	(1.45)	(1.73)
6.Waterpipe tobacco does not have enough nicotine to cause addiction.	5.94a	5.10b	4.46c	59.4	.0001	.15
	(1.27)	(1.37)	(1.63)
7.The water in the waterpipe filters out the most harmful chemicals from waterpipe tobacco smoke. (Wave 2 only)	5.42a	5.00ab	4.50b	6.5	.002	.06
	(1.59)	(1.39)	(1.57)
8.Smoking waterpipe tobacco once or twice a month can lead to addiction.	5.58a	4.78b	3.87c	74.0	.0001	.18
	(1.42)	(1.46)	(1.59)
9.When you smoke waterpipe tobacco, you inhale cancer causing chemicals.	6.23a	5.53b	5.03c	45.8	.0001	.13
	(1.05)	(1.26)	(1.52)
10.Waterpipe tobacco smoking can cause severe health consequences.	6.22a	5.52b	5.00c	47.5	.0001	.13
	(1.12)	(1.24)	(1.55)
11.The burning of the charcoal to heat the waterpipe tobacco produces harmful chemicals. (Wave 2 only)	5.63a	4.84b	5.15ab	6.3	.003	.06
	(1.40)	(1.14)	(1.38)
12.Sharing of the waterpipe mouthpiece with other smokers can lead to infections. (Wave 2 only)	5.87	5.43	5.54	2.3	.11	.02
	(1.27)	(1.15)	(1.32)
Overall risk appraisal	5.72a	5.03b	3.77c	140.5	.0001	.30
	(1.22)	(1.28)	(1.30)

Note. Higher mean scores represent endorsement of beliefs that support notions of greater harm. Means with different lettered subscripts differ by p<.05 via Tukey contrasts.