Table 3.

Demography and baseline characteristics of the study participants

		e-intervention	control	Total
		n = 66	n = 62	N (%)
Demographic characteristics
Age		49.6 (10.7)	51.5 (10.3)	50.5 (10.5)
Gender	% male	62.1	75.8	60.2
Ethnic group	% Malay	69.7	75.8	72.6
Education	% tertiary	62.1	54.8	61.7
Occupation	% employed	68.2	54.8	61.7
Personal income (MYR)		4837 (2571)	4813 (4672)	5166 (3816)
Medical condition
Diabetes duration (months)		111.1 (106.3)	81.8 (69.9)	96.9 (91.3)
Family history of diabetes	% yes	84.8	82.3	83.6
Diabetes medication	OHA	48.5	50.0	49.3
	Insulin only	10.6	3.2	7.0
	OHA + insulin	37.9	35.5	36.7
	Unknown	3.0	11.3	7.0
Self-monitor blood glucose	Daily	9.1	14.5	11.7
	4–6 times/week	13.6	1.6	1.7
	1–3 times/week	71.2	53.2	62.5
	Less than once a week	3.0	6.5	4.7
	No	15.2	24.2	19.5
Self-reported clinical history	Hypoglycaemia	7.6	3.2	5.5
	Heart disease	6.1	14.5	10.2
	Kidney disease	1.5	0.0	0.8
	Nerve disorder	3.0	8.1	5.5
	Hypertension	54.5	48.4	53.1
	Dyslipidaemia	48.5	43.5	46.1
Lifestyle
Total MET/weeka,b		879.0 (269.5)	620.3 (335.7)	733.0 (213.2)
Physical activity level	Low	37.9	50.0	43.8
	Moderate	39.4	30.6	35.2
	High	22.7	19.4	21.0
Smoking	% yes	13.6	17.7	15.6
Alcohol drinking	% yes	10.6	4.8	7.8
Diet
Total DKAB score		34.2 (5.2)	33.7 (5.5)	33.9 (5.4)
Total DSOC score		193.3 (14.6)	191.2 (16.2)	192.3 (15.4)
Glucose control
Fasting blood glucose (mmol/L)		8.9 (3.9)	8.3 (2.9)	8.6 (3.5)
HbA1c (%)		9.1 (2.0)	8.9 (1.9)	9.0 (2.0)

Data are presented as means (SD) and percentages, or as ^amedians (SE) for skewed data

^bAssessed based on International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)

Two-tailed independent t-test (or Mann Whitney Rank Test) and chi-square analysis (or Fisher Exact Test) were performed between study groups. None of the analysis were significant at p < 0.05