Table 3.
Bivariate negative binomial models of association between species-specific mosquito abundances and various predictors
| An. arabiensis | An. funestus | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95% CI | P value | 95% CI | P value | |
| Demographics | ||||
| Number of rooms | 0.8 (0.7, 0.9) | < 0.01 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.8) | 0.0001 |
| Number of children under age 5 | 1.9 (1.3, 2.7) | < 0.001 | 1.9 (1.3, 2.8) | < 0.001 |
| Number slept in the house | 1.0 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.75 | 0.9 (0.8, 1.1) | 0.42 |
| Age of household head (years) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.0) | 0.09 | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | < 0.01 |
| Male head of household | 1.1 (0.7, 1.7) | 0.78 | 1.3 (0.8, 2.0) | 0.23 |
| Highest educational attainment of head of household | < 0.001 | 0.0001 | ||
| No formal education | Ref | Ref | ||
| Some primary education | 1.3 (0.5, 3.2) | 2.8 (1.2, 6.9) | ||
| Some secondary education | 0.5 (0.2, 1.3) | 1.6 (0.6, 4.0) | ||
| Some college | 0.4 (0.1, 1.2) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.6) | ||
| Malaria prevention practices | ||||
| Total number of nets per household | 0.8 (0.6, 0.9) | 0.01 | 0.7 (0.6, 0.9) | < 0.001 |
| Respondent used a net night prior to study | 2.5 (1.5, 3.9) | 0.0001 | 2.2 (1.4, 3.4) | < 0.001 |
| Other family members used a net night prior to study | 3.2 (2.0, 4.9) | 0.0001 | 2.5 (1.6, 3.9) | 0.0001 |
| Ave. number of nets per person | 0.2 (0.1, 0.5) | 0.0001 | 0.3 (0.2, 0.6) | < 0.001 |
| Household environmental characteristics (50 m buffer) | ||||
| Within Blantyre city limits | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.0001 | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03) | 0.0001 |
| Increasing distance from city centre (2.5 km intervals) | 1.5 (1.4, 1.7) | 0.0001 | 1.7 (1.5, 1.9) | 0.0001 |
| Section/region | ||||
| Lunzu (1) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Chileka (2) | 1.1 (0.5, 2.6) | 0.75 | 1.8 (0.9, 3.6) | 0.08 |
| Chilomoni (3) | 1.0 (0.4, 2.4) | 0.97 | 1.1 (0.5, 2.1) | 0.87 |
| Mpemba (4) | 0.1 (0, 0.3) | 0.0001 | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 0.0001 |
| Chigumula (5) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.0001 | 0.1 (0, 0.1) | 0.0001 |
| Mikolongwe (6) | 0.9 (0.4, 2.0) | 0.75 | 0.1 (0.1, 0.2) | 0.0001 |
| Kachere (7) | 0.3 (0.1, 0.7) | < 0.01 | 0 (0, 0.1) | 0.0001 |
| Machinjiri (8) | 0.5 (0.2, 1.2) | 0.11 | 0.1 (0, 0.2) | 0.0001 |
| Rainy (vs. dry) season | 46.1 (29.6, 71.6) | 0.0001 | 15.3 (10.5, 22.4) | 0.0001 |
| Elevation (m) | 0.996 (0.995, 0.997) | 0.0001 | 0.992 (0.991, 0.993) | 0.0001 |
| Number nearby households | 0.9 (0.9, 1.0) | 0.0001 | 0.9 (0.8, 0.9) | 0.0001 |
| Amount of land used for growing crops (%) | 2.3 (1.2, 4.2) | < 0.01 | 1.8 (1.0, 3.1) | 0.04 |
| NDVI (rainy season) | 0.4 (0, 6.5) | 0.50 | 2.6 (0.2, 30.4) | 0.44 |
| NDVI category (rainy season) | ||||
| ≤ 0.1 (barren: rock/sand/urban) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| > 0.1 and ≤ 0.4 (shrub/grassland) | 2.6 (0.1, 94.7) | 0.60 | 0.6 (0, 17.6) | 0.80 |
| > 0.4 and ≤ 1 (temperate/tropical rainforest) | 1.8 (0, 69.9) | 0.74 | 0.8 (0, 22.3) | 0.89 |
| NDVI (dry season) | 96.5 (0, 212,362.4) | 0.25 | 0.1 (0, 304.7) | 0.53 |
| NDVI category (dry season) | ||||
| ≤ 0.1 (barren: rock/sand/urban) | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| > 0.1 and ≤ 0.4 (shrub/grassland) | 19.4 (5.2, 72.1) | < .0001 | 111.6 (22, 566.7) | < .0001 |
| > 0.4 and ≤ 1 (temperate/tropical rainforest) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Agriculture | 5.8 (3.8, 8.8) | 0.0001 | 4.0 (2.6, 6.1) | 0.0001 |
| Fruit trees | 0.9 (0.6, 1.6) | 0.82 | 0.8 (0.5, 1.2) | 0.27 |
| Grazing | 0.6 (0.3, 1.0) | 0.06 | 0.5 (0.3, 0.9) | 0.02 |
| Forest | 0.4 (0.2, 1.1) | 0.08 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) | 0.0001 |
| Ownership of goats | 3.1 (1.7, 5.8) | < 0.001 | 3.9 (2.1, 7.0) | 0.0001 |
| Ownership of chickens | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 0.25 | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 0.03 |
| Housing construction | ||||
| Closed (vs. fully/partially open) windows | 0.9 (0.4, 1.8) | 0.72 | 0.5 (0.2, 0.9) | 0.03 |
| Closed (vs. fully/partially open) eaves | 2.0 (1.0, 4.3) | 0.06 | 2.2 (1.1, 4.5) | 0.03 |
| Roof type | ||||
| Iron sheets | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Thatched | 3.0 (1.8, 4.9) | 0.0001 | 4.1 (2.5, 6.6) | 0.0001 |
| Tile | 0.5 (0, 37.0) | 0.74 | 0.6 (0, 31.2) | 0.80 |
Italic values indicate significance of p value (p < 0.05)