Table 4.
Bivariate analysis of household demographics, behavioural factors, and peri-domestic environmental characteristics by presence/absence of agriculture
| All households | Agriculture absent | Agriculture present | P value (T test or Chi square) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean or Freq | SD or % | N | Mean or Freq | SD or % | N | Mean or Freq | SD or % | ||
| Demographics | ||||||||||
| Number of rooms | 1546 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 726 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 820 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 0.14 |
| Number of children under age 5 | 1520 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 700 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 820 | 0.6 | 0.8 | < 0.01 |
| Number slept in the house | 1520 | 3.8 | 1.9 | 700 | 3.7 | 2.0 | 820 | 3.9 | 1.7 | 0.13 |
| Age of household head (years) | 1520 | 40.5 | 16.8 | 700 | 40.7 | 16.4 | 820 | 40.3 | 17.1 | 0.64 |
| Male head of household | 1520 | 621 | 40.9% | 700 | 290 | 41.4% | 820 | 331 | 40.4% | 0.67 |
| Highest educational attainment of head of household | 1509 | 692 | 817 | < .0001 | ||||||
| No formal education | 95 | 6.3% | 35 | 5.1% | 60 | 7.3% | ||||
| Some primary education | 792 | 52.5% | 315 | 45.5% | 477 | 58.4% | ||||
| Some secondary education | 487 | 32.3% | 250 | 36.1% | 237 | 29.0% | ||||
| Some college | 135 | 8.9% | 92 | 13.3% | 43 | 5.3% | ||||
| Malaria prevention practices | ||||||||||
| Total number of nets per household | 1546 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 726 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 820 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0.0001 |
| Respondent used a net night prior to study | 1548 | 986 | 63.7% | 728 | 463 | 63.6% | 820 | 523 | 63.8% | 0.94 |
| Other family members used a net night prior to study | 1548 | 917 | 59.2% | 728 | 414 | 56.9% | 820 | 503 | 61.3% | 0.07 |
| Ave. number of nets per person | 1520 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 700 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 820 | 0.4 | 0.4 | < .0001 |
| Household environmental characteristics (50 m buffer) | ||||||||||
| Within Blantyre city limits | 1548 | 532 | 34.4% | 728 | 352 | 48.4% | 820 | 180 | 22.0% | < .0001 |
| Increasing distance from city centre (2.5 km intervals) | 1548 | 728 | 820 | < .0001 | ||||||
| 2.5 km | 190 | 12.3% | 143 | 19.6% | 47 | 5.7% | ||||
| 5 km | 193 | 12.5% | 132 | 18.1% | 61 | 7.4% | ||||
| 7.5 km | 196 | 12.7% | 115 | 15.8% | 81 | 9.9% | ||||
| 10 km | 193 | 12.5% | 82 | 11.3% | 111 | 13.5% | ||||
| 12.5 km | 193 | 12.5% | 81 | 11.1% | 112 | 13.7% | ||||
| 15 km | 196 | 12.7% | 61 | 8.4% | 135 | 16.5% | ||||
| 17.5 km | 194 | 12.5% | 51 | 7.0% | 143 | 17.4% | ||||
| 20 km | 193 | 12.5% | 63 | 8.7% | 130 | 15.9% | ||||
| Section/region | 1548 | 728 | 820 | < .0001 | ||||||
| Lunzu (1) | 190 | 12.3% | 113 | 15.5% | 74 | 9.0% | ||||
| Chileka (2) | 193 | 12.5% | 106 | 14.6% | 84 | 10.2% | ||||
| Chilomoni (3) | 196 | 12.7% | 86 | 11.8% | 104 | 12.7% | ||||
| Mpemba (4) | 193 | 12.5% | 120 | 16.5% | 74 | 9.0% | ||||
| Chigumula (5) | 193 | 12.5% | 77 | 10.6% | 122 | 14.9% | ||||
| Mikolongwe (6) | 196 | 12.7% | 82 | 11.3% | 113 | 13.8% | ||||
| Kachere (7) | 194 | 12.5% | 84 | 11.5% | 115 | 14.0% | ||||
| Machinjiri (8) | 193 | 12.5% | 60 | 8.2% | 134 | 16.3% | ||||
| Rainy season (vs. dry) | 1548 | 618 | 39.9% | 728 | 124 | 17.0% | 820 | 494 | 60.2% | < .0001 |
| Elevation (m) | 1548 | 945.0 | 175.9 | 728 | 947.2 | 165.3 | 820 | 943.0 | 184.9 | 0.64 |
| Number nearby households | 1548 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 728 | 9.6 | 13.0 | 820 | 7.2 | 7.2 | < .0001 |
| Amount of land used for growing crops (%) | 1548 | 25.8 | 40.4 | 728 | 21.4 | 38.7 | 820 | 29.6 | 41.5 | < .0001 |
| NDVI (rainy season) | 1548 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 728 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 820 | 0.3 | 0.1 | < .0001 |
| NDVI category (rainy season) | 1548 | 728 | 820 | 0.20 | ||||||
| ≤ 0.1 (barren: rock/sand/urban) | 4 | 0.3% | 2 | 0.3% | 6 | 0.7% | ||||
| > 0.1 and ≤ 0.4 (shrub/grassland) | 1291 | 83.4% | 617 | 84.8% | 674 | 82.2% | ||||
| > 0.4 and ≤ 1 (temperate/tropical rainforest) | 251 | 16.2% | 107 | 14.7% | 144 | 17.6% | ||||
| NDVI (dry season) | 1548 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 728 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 820 | 0.2 | 0.0 | < .0001 |
| NDVI category (dry season) | 1548 | 728 | 820 | < .0001 | ||||||
| ≤ 0.1 (barren: rock/sand/urban) | 92 | 5.9% | 73 | 10.0% | 19 | 2.3% | ||||
| > 0.1 and ≤ 0.4 (shrub/grassland) | 1456 | 94.1% | 655 | 90.0% | 801 | 97.7% | ||||
| > 0.4 and ≤ 1 (temperate/tropical rainforest) | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% | ||||
| Fruit trees | 1548 | 1134 | 73.3% | 728 | 439 | 60.3% | 820 | 695 | 84.8% | < .0001 |
| Grazing | 1548 | 275 | 17.8% | 728 | 217 | 8.7% | 820 | 212 | 25.9% | < .0001 |
| Forest | 1548 | 108 | 7.0% | 728 | 65 | 8.9% | 820 | 43 | 5.2% | < 0.01 |
| Ownership of goats | 1546 | 221 | 14.3% | 726 | 76 | 10.5% | 820 | 145 | 17.7% | < .0001 |
| Ownership of chickens | 1546 | 582 | 37.6% | 726 | 248 | 34.2% | 820 | 334 | 40.7% | 0.01 |
| Housing construction | ||||||||||
| Closed (vs. fully/partially open) windows | 1527 | 175 | 11.5% | 719 | 93 | 12.9% | 808 | 82 | 10.2% | 0.09 |
| Closed (vs. fully/partially open) eaves | 1537 | 146 | 9.5% | 720 | 76 | 10.6% | 817 | 70 | 8.6% | 0.19 |
| Roof type | 1512 | 694 | 818 | < .0001 | ||||||
| Iron sheets | 1129 | 74.7% | 565 | 81.4% | 564 | 68.9% | ||||
| Thatched | 379 | 25.1% | 126 | 18.2% | 253 | 30.9% | ||||
| Tile | 4 | 0.3% | 3 | 0.4% | 1 | 0.1% | ||||
Italic values indicate significance of p value (p < 0.05)