Table 1.
Characteristics of the T2DM patients and controls according to albuminuria stratums.
| Control | T2DM | T2DM | P‡ | P∗ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normoalbuminuria UACR < 30 μg/mg |
Microalbuminuria 30 μg/mg ≤ UACR < 300 μg/mg |
Macroalbuminuria UACR ≥ 300 μg/mg |
|||||
| n | 20 | 172 | 91 | 52 | 29 | - | - |
| Male/female | 7/13 | 103/69 | 50/41 | 36/16# | 17/12 | 0.033 | 0.242 |
| Age (years) | 58.0 ± 12.3 | 59.3 ± 13.6 | 56.9 ± 14.2 | 63.4 ± 11.7 | 58.4 ± 15.6 | 0.675 | 0.034 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | - | 10.1 ± 7.9 | 9.2 ± 7.8 | 11.7 ± 8.8 | 9.8 ± 6.0 | - | 0.263 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 2 (10) | 29 (16.9) | 16 (17.5) | 9 (17.3) | 4 (13.8) | 0.430 | 0.889 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | - | 84 (48.8) | 38 (41.3) | 30 (57.7) | 16 (55.2) | - | 0.141 |
| ARB/ACER use, n (%) | - | 36 (20.9) | 13 (14.1) | 13 (25.0) | 10 (34.5) | - | 0.046 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 4.5 | 23.9 ± 3.5 | 24.0 ± 3.6 | 23.4 ± 3.4 | 24.7 ± 3.4 | 0.836 | 0.251 |
| Waist (cm) | 81.0 ± 13.0 | 88.8 ± 11.4 | 88.9 ± 11.3# | 88.2 ± 10.7# | 89.8 ± 13.2# | 0.006 | 0.834 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 115.0 (20.0) | 130 (20) | 129.0 (20.0)† | 137.5 (25.0)† | 140.0 (30.0)† | <0.0001 | 0.010 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75.0 (10.0) | 80 (10) | 80.0 (10.0)# | 80.0 (14.0)# | 80.0 (10.0) | 0.015 | 0.489 |
| HbA1c (%), | 5.6 (0.7) | 8.4 (3.5) | 8.1 (3.3)† | 9.0 (3.6)† | 9.0 (3.5)† | <0.0001 | 0.763 |
| FPG (mmol/L) | 5.1 (0.6) | 7,4 (3.9) | 7.2 (4.1)† | 7.6 (4.9)† | 7.2 (2.8)† | <0.0001 | 0.787 |
| 2 h PPG (mmol/L) | 6.0 (1.8) | 12.6 (7.5) | 12.4 (7.3)† | 12.9 (7.9)† | 12.6 (7.0)† | <0.0001 | 0.897 |
| TC (mmol/L) | 5.2 (0.9) | 4.9 (1.6) | 5.0 (1.5) | 4.4 (1.5) | 5.8 (1.7) | 0.803 | <0.0001 |
| TG (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.4 (1.0) | 1.2 (0.7) | 2.3 (1.9) | 0.411 | 0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.5) | 1.1 (0.3)# | 0.387 | 0.280 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.0 (1.1) | 3.0 ± 1.2 | 2.6 ± 0.8# | 3.4 ± 1.1 | 0.784 | 0.003 |
| RBP4 (mg/L) | 41.5 (15.0) | 45.0 (15.0) | 43.0 (16.0) | 44.0 (11.0) | 58.0 (21.0)† | 0.149 | <0.0001 |
| rGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 104.9 ± 27.9 | 92.2 ± 27.8 | 101.0 ± 25.1 | 85.1 ± 23.2# | 77.0 ± 33.4# | 0.055 | <0.0001 |
| UACR (μg/mg) | 5.2 (5.4) | 26.2 (125.8) | 8.0 (9.9) | 76.9 (91.4)† | 527.6 (1172.7)† | <0.0001 | <0.0001 |
| hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.9 (0.1) | 1.2 (3.0) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.3 (0.2) | 1.8 (0.4)# | 0.257 | 0.014 |
| FABP4 (μg/L) | 1.4 (0.9) | 2.6 (4.3) | 2.9 (4.0)† | 1.9 (4.6)† | 4.5 (6.4)† | 0.003 | 0.293 |
| NGAL/Cr (μg/mg) | 0.2 (1.4) | 0.9 (2.1) | 0.9 (2.1)# | 0.8 (2.5)# | 1.4 (4.9)# | 0.018 | 0.219 |
| Cys-C/Cr (μg/mg) | 1.7 (2.3) | 2.5 (2.1) | 2.5 (2.1) | 3.4 (3.8) | 4.6 (5.8) | 0.304 | 0.064 |
Data are means ± standard deviations (SD), n (%) or median (interquartile range). P‡ for comparisons of diabetic patients versus control subjects; P∗for comparisonsamong the three diabetic subgroups;#P < 0.05 and †P < 0.001 for comparisons between diabetic subgroups versus control subjects (by the independent t-test for normally distributed data or the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data). UACR, urinary albumin- to-creatinine ratio; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2 hPPG, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; RBP4, retinal-binding protein 4; rGFR, radioisotope glomerular filtration rate; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; NGAL/Cr, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin-to-creatinine ratio; Cys-C/Cr, cystatin C-to-creatinine ratio.