Table 2.
Controls | T2DM | P∗ | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
rGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
60 ≤ rGFR < 90 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
30 ≤ rGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 |
|||
n | 20 | 96 | 51 | 25 | - |
Male/female | 7/13 | 59/37# | 31/20 | 13/12 | 0.683 |
Age (years) | 58.0 ± 12.3 | 54.0 ± 13.2 | 64.7 ± 8.4# | 68.9 ± 14.9# | <0.0001 |
Diabetes duration (years) | - | 8.1 ± 6.5 | 10.9 ± 8.1 | 16.5 ± 9.6 | <0.0001 |
Current smokers (%) | 2 (10.0) | 18 (18.8) | 7 (13.7) | 4 (16.0) | 0.735 |
Hypertension, n (%) | - | 31 (32.2) | 33 (64.7) | 20 (80.0) | <0.0001 |
ARB/ACER use, n (%) | - | 16 (16.7) | 15 (29.4) | 5 (20.0) | 0.194 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 4.5 | 23.5 ± 3.5 | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 23.9 ± 2.7 | 0.121 |
WC (cm) | 81.0 ± 13.0 | 86.8 ± 10.6# | 92.3 ± 11.8# | 89.8 ± 12.2# | 0.017 |
SBP (mmHg) | 115.0 (20.0) | 123.5 (20.0) # | 137.5 (20.0) † | 140.0 (20.0) † | <0.0001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 75.0 (10.0) | 80.0 (10.0) # | 80.0 (15.0) # | 80.0 (20.0) | 0.746 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.6 (0.7) | 9.0 (3.5) † | 8.0 (2.9) † | 7.9 (3.3) † | 0.129 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.1 (0.6) | 7.4 (4.9) † | 6.9 (2.9) † | 7.8 (1.9) † | 0.372 |
2 h PPG (mmol/L) | 6.0 (1.8) | 11.7 (7.9) † | 13.4 (8.1) † | 12.6 (5.8) † | 0.611 |
TC (mmol/L) | 5.2 (0.9) | 5.1 (1.4) | 4.7 (1.8) | 4.7 (2.1) | 0.302 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.1) | 1.3 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.3) | 1.3 (1.7) | 0.150 |
HDL (mmol/L) | 1.4 (0.6) | 1.2 (0.5) # | 1.1 (0.4) # | 1.2 (0.5) # | 0.878 |
LDL (mmol/L) | 3.0 ± 1.0 | 3.1 (1.1) | 2.8 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.1) | 0.308 |
RBP4 (mg/L) | 41.5 (15.0) | 45.2 ± 12.1# | 46.8 ± 11.3# | 52.5 ± 12.6# | 0.049 |
rGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 104.9 ± 27.9 | 112.2 ± 16.6 | 76.7 ± 8.5† | 47.4 ± 9.8† | <0.0001 |
UACR (μg/mg) | 5.2 (5.4) | 17.1 (62.0) # | 38.9 (118.6) † | 262.3 (473.6) † | <0.0001 |
hsCRP (mg/L) | 0.9 (0.1) | 1.0 (0.3) | 1.5 (0.2) | 1.7 (0.5) | 0.468 |
FABP4 (μg/L) | 1.4 (0.9) | 2.1 (2.6) # | 2.6 (8.0) † | 5.0 (9.2) † | <0.0001 |
NGAL/Cr (μg/mg) | 0.2 (1.4) | 0.6 (2.1) | 0.9 (1.9) # | 1.7 (5.1) # | 0.095 |
Cys-C/Cr (μg/mg) | 1.7 (2.3) | 2.8 (2.9) | 3.2 (2.2) | 6.2 (8.4) | 0.339 |
Data are means ± SD, n (%), or median (interquartile range). P∗for comparisonsamong the three diabetic subgroups; #P < 0.05 and †P < 0.001 for comparisons between diabetic subgroups versus control subjects (by the independent t test for normally distributed data or the Mann–Whitney U test for non-normally distributed data). rGFR, radioisotope glomerular filtration rate; ARB, angiotensin II receptor blockers; ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors; BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP: systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; 2 hPPG, 2 h postprandial plasma glucose; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; RBP4, retinal-binding protein 4; UACR, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio; hsCRP, serum high-sensitivity C- reactive protein; FABP4, fatty acid-binding protein 4; NGAL/Cr, neutrophil gelatinase associated lipocalin-to-creatinine ratio; Cys-C/Cr, cystatin C-to-creatinine ratio.