Table 5.
Associations Between Meal Characteristic and Parent Restriction and Food Pressuring at Meal Occasions (n=3,878 meal occasions including snacks)* †
| Outcome: Restriction | Outcome: Pressuring | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Predicted Probability | Predicted Probability | |||
| Meal Characteristic Predictor | (95% CI) | P Value | (95% CI) | P Value |
| Meal Type | ||||
| Homemade | 0.10 (0.08, 0.14)a | <0.001 | 0.19 (0.16, 0.23)b | <0.001 |
| Pre-Prepared | 0.12 (0.09, 0.16)ab | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15)a | ||
| Pre-Prepared + Homemade | 0.12 (0.08, 0.17)ab | 0.16 (0.11, 0.22)ab | ||
| Fast Food | 0.15 (0.11, 0.20)b | 0.11 (0.08, 0.16)a | ||
| Fast Food + Homemade | 0.34 (0.21, 0.49)d | 0.43 (0.28, 0.60)c | ||
| Fast-Food + Pre-Prepared | 0.13 (0.03, 0.38)abc | 0.05 (0.00, 0.51)ab | ||
| Fast Food+ Pre-Prepared + Homemade | 0.35 (0.19, 0.56)cd | 0.21 (0.10, 0.4)ab | ||
| Number of Children Present | ||||
| Target child | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18)ab | 0.880 | 0.12 (0.09, 0.17)a | 0.363 |
| Two children | 0.11 (0.08, 0.14)a | 0.16 (0.13, 0.20)b | ||
| Three children | 0.11 (0.08, 0.16)ab | 0.16 (0.12, 0.21)ab | ||
| Four children or more | 0.14 (0.10, 0.19)b | 0.17 (0.13, 0.21)b | ||
| Composition of Children Attending the Meal | ||||
| Only child present | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18)a | 0.696 | 0.12 (0.09, 0.16)a | 0.054 |
| Child and siblings | 0.12 (0.09, 0.15)a | 0.17 (0.14, 0.21)b | ||
| Child, siblings, and other kids | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18)a | 0.12 (0.08, 0.16)a | ||
| Number of Adults Attending the Meal | ||||
| Parent | 0.11 (0.09, 0.15)a | 0.033 | 0.14 (0.11, 0.18)a | 0.298 |
| Parent + another adult | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15)a | 0.17 (0.14, 0.22)b | ||
| Parent + 2 or more adults | 0.16 (0.12, 0.21)b | 0.16 (0.12, 0.21)ab | ||
| Composition of Adults Attending the Meal | ||||
| Parent | 0.11 (0.09, 0.15)a | 0.148 | 0.14 (0.11, 0.18)a | 0.266 |
| Parent and caregiver | 0.12 (0.09, 0.16)a | 0.16 (0.13, 0.20)ab | ||
| Parent, adult family, and non-family adults | 0.13 (0.09, 0.17)a | 0.18 (0.14, 0.23)b | ||
| Who Prepared the Meal | ||||
| Parent | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15)a | 0.048 | 0.16 (0.13, 0.20)a | 0.144 |
| Partner (e.g. spouse) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.23)b | 0.15 (0.11, 0.21)a | ||
| Child participant only | 0.10 (0.06, 0.16)ab | 0.07 (0.04, 0.13)b | ||
| Child participant + parent/partner | 0.12 (0.07, 0.18)ab | 0.15 (0.09, 0.22)a | ||
| Other source ( e.g., fast food, restaurant, another adult) | 0.13 (0.10, 0.17)ab | 0.17 (0.13, 0.21)a | ||
| Meal Setting | ||||
| Around a table or counter at home | 0.12 (0.09, 0.16)ab | 0.022 | 0.17 (0.14, 0.21)b | 0.006 |
| On couch/chair in living area at home | 0.10 (0.07, 0.15)a | 0.14 (0.10, 0.18)a | ||
| Scattered throughout house or standing up | 0.16 (0.11, 0.22)b | 0.13 (0.09, 0.19)ab | ||
| Out of home (e.g. in the car, restaurant, other) | 0.11 (0.07, 0.16)ab | 0.11 (0.07, 0.16)a | ||
| What Influenced Decisions to Prepare the Meal | ||||
| Child/family likes or requested | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15)b | 0.053 | 0.13 (0.10, 0.17)ab | 0.003 |
| Desire to avoid conflict with child or a family fight | 0.06 (0.02, 0.13)a | 0.14 (0.07, 0.24)abcd | ||
| It was a healthy option | 0.16 (0.12, 0.22)c | 0.17 (0.13, 0.23)bcd | ||
| It was a planned meal | 0.10 (0.06, 0.14)ab | 0.18 (0.14, 0.24)cd | ||
| Available where we ate (e.g., home or restaurant) | 0.13 (0.10, 0.18)bc | 0.22 (0.17, 0.27)d | ||
| Quick and easy to make | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18)abc | 0.16 (0.12, 0.21)a | ||
| Stressful day, busy schedule, or too tired to cook | 0.13 (0.08, 0.21)bc | 0.16 (0.11, 0.24)bc | ||
| Other | 0.13 (0.07, 0.24)bc | 0.09 (0.04, 0.18)abcd | ||
| Activity During the Meal | ||||
| Conversation only | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15)a | 0.123 | 0.16 (0.13, 0.20)a | 0.503 |
| Screentime and other distractions | 0.13 (0.09, 0.18)a | 0.17 (0.12, 0.22)a | ||
| Combination and other distractions | 0.13 (0.10, 0.18)a | 0.16 (0.12, 0.20)a | ||
| None of the above | 0.13 (0.09, 0.19)a | 0.13 (0.09, 0.19)a | ||
| Overall Atmosphere of the Meal | ||||
| Relaxed | 0.11 (0.08, 0.15)a | 0.015 | 0.13 (0.10, 0.17)a | 0.496 |
| Neutral | 0.10 (0.06, 0.14)a | 0.21 (0.16, 0.27)b | ||
| Enjoyable | 0.13 (0.10, 0.17)ab | 0.15 (0.12, 0.19)a | ||
| Tense | 0.15 (0.08, 0.26)ab | 0.16 (0.09, 0.27)ab | ||
| Chaotic | 0.17 (0.12, 0.25)b | 0.16 (0.10, 0.24)ab | ||
| Rushed | 0.11 (0.06, 0.19)ab | 0.15 (0.10, 0.24)ab | ||
*
Models adjusted for: parent sex and age, child sex and age, household race, child weight status, parent weight status, and household income
†
Pairwise comparisons that share a letter are not signiicantly different at p <0.05
Interpretation Example: Meal type (i.e., homemade, fast food, and preprepared) was statistically predictive of restriction at the meal (P<0.001). The probability of parent restriction was highest when fast food was combined with homemade and pre-prepared meals (0.35, 95% CI: (0.19, 0.56)) and lowest when the meal contained only homemade food (0.10, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.14).