Table 1. Effects of inflammatory cytokines in Alzheimer’s disease pathology.

Inflammatory cytokines	Effect on Aβ	Effect on tau	Effect on neurons	References
Pro-inflammatory cytokines
IL-1β	Increase Aβ production	Increase tau phosphorylation	Increase neuronal death and damage	Andersson, 2012
	Reduce Aβ clearance	Increase tau pathology	–	Ghosh, 2013
IL-6/ TNF-α	Reduce Aβ clearance	Increase tau phosphorylation	Rescue neurons	Luo, 2012
IL-12/IL-23	Reduce Aβ clearance	Increase tau phosphorylation	Reduce neuronal loss	Vom Berg, 2012
Anti-inflammatory cytokines
IL-10	Reduce Aβ production	Decrease tau phosphorylation; increase Aβ clearance	Rectify neuron dysfunction	He, 2017
IL-33	Reduce Aβ production; increase Aβ clearance	No significant change	Indirect damage and death	Weitz, 2012

Aβ, amyloid β; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.