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. 2018 Jun 4;12:226. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00226

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Copyright © 2018 Stoessel, Stellmann, Willing, Behrens, Rosenkranz, Hodecker, Stürner, Reinhardt, Fleischer, Deuschle, Maetzler, Berg, Heesen, Walther, Schauer, Friese and Pless.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Metabolites contributing to the specific PPMS signature. Twenty features (i.e., metabolites) with VIP scores > 1 for components 1 and 2. (A) Summary with respective log2 fold changes (diseased/healthy). Green: PPMS cohort A, blue: PPMS cohort B, orange: RRMS, and purple: PD. ^∗Significant change (Welch’s t-test FDR ≤ 0.05), log2 fold change > 0: upregulation, log2 fold change < 0: downregulation. Error bars indicate standard deviations. (B) Comparison of PPMS patients from cohort A (green) and PPMS patients from cohort B (blue) to RRMS (orange) and PD (purple) patients. ^∗Significant change (one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test p ≤ 0.05 (^∗∗p ≤ 0.01), p-value adjusted for multiple comparisons).