Table 2.
Microbiology and malaria microscopy findings of children under-5 years enrolled in the study
| Subcategory | General population n/N (%) |
Referral hospital n/N (%) |
Health facilities n/N (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Malaria microscopy | 684/684 (100) | 138/138 (100) | 546/546 (100) |
| Malaria microscopy positive | 340/684 (49.71) | 41/138 (29.71) | 299/546 (54.76) |
| Plasmodium falciparuma | 340/340 (100) | 41/138 (29.71) | 299/546 (54.76) |
| Plasmodium malariae | 04/340 (0.88) | 0/138 (0) | 4/299 (1.34) |
| Plasmodium ovalae | 01/340 (0.29) | 0/138 (0) | 1/299 (0.33) |
| Blood cultures (N = 684) | 684/684 (100) | 138/138 (100) | 546/546 (100) |
| Bacterial culture positive | 41/684 (5.99) | 21/138 (15.22) | 20/546 (3.66) |
| Non-Typhoid Salmonella spp. | 31/41 (75.61) | 19/21 (90.48) | 12/20 (60.00) |
| Salmonella typhi | 02/41 (4.88) | 00 | 02/20 (10.00) |
| Escherichia coli | 01/41 (2.44) | 00 | 01/20 (5.00) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 02/41 (4.88) | 01/21 (4.76) | 01/20 (5.00) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 03/41 (7.31) | 01/21 (4.76) | 02/20 (10.00) |
| Neisseria meningitidis | 02/41 (4.88) | 00 | 02/20 (10.00) |
| Urine examination (N = 507) | 507/684 (74.12) | 94/138 (68.12) | 413/546 (75.64) |
| Bacterial culture positive | 10/507 (1.97) | 04/94 (4.26) | 06/413 (1.45) |
| Escherichia coli | 10/10 (100.00) | 04/4 (100) | 06/6 (100) |
| Stool examinations (N = 523) | 523/684 (76.46) | 85/138 (61.60) | 438/546 (80.22) |
| Bacterial culture positive | 40/523 (7.65) | 09/85 (10.59) | 31/438 (7.08) |
| Non-Typhoid Salmonella | 20/40 (50.00) | 08/9 (88.89) | 16/31 (38.71) |
| Escherichia coli | 17/40 (42.50) | 01/9 (11.11) | 16/31 ()51.61 |
| Shigella | 03/40 (7.50) | 00 | 03/31 (9.69) |
| Parasites positive | 143/523 (27.34) | 17/85 (20.00) | 126/438 (28.77) |
| Mono parasitosisb | 115/143 (80.42) | 11/17 (64.71) | 104/126 (82.54) |
| Bi parasitosis | 25/143 (17.48) | 05/17 (29.41) | 20/126 (15.87) |
| Tri parasitosis | 03/143 (2.10) | 01/17 (5.88) | 02/126 (1.59) |
| Rotavirus/Adenovirus positive | 25/523 (4.78) | 04/85 (4.71) | 21/438 (4.80) |
| Rotavirus | 15/25 (60.00) | 00 | 15/21 (71.43) |
| Adenovirus | 10/25 (40.00) | 04/4 (100) | 06/21 (28.57) |
| Nasopharyngeal cultures (N = 629) | 629/684 (91.95) | 137/138 (99.28) | 492/546 (90.11) |
| Bacterial culture positive | 153/629 (24.32) | 41/137 (29.71) | 112/492 (22.77) |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 148/153 (96.73) | 41/41 (100) | 107/112 (95.54) |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 05/153 (3.27) | 00 | 05/112 (4.46) |
| No pathogens detected | 162/684 (23.68) | 40/138 (28.99) | 122/546 (22.34) |
a: 5 children infection with Plasmodium falciparum were co-infected with P. malariae and P. ovale
b: Giardia intestinalis: 35.65%; Trichomonas intestinalis: 22.61%; Endolimax nana: 17.40%; Entamoeba coli: 13.91%; Entamoeba hystolitica: 7.82%; Others: 2.61%