Figure 1.

HBCDD and TBBPA Induce Apoptosis in Spermatogenic Cells Derived from hESCs

(A) Flow cytometry analyses for indicating percent viable cells, percent early apoptotic cells, percent late apoptotic cells, and percent dead/necrotic cells for the highest concentration of HBCDD and TBBPA assessed. Lower left quadrant represents viable cells, lower right quadrant represents early apoptotic cells, upper right quadrant is late apoptotic/dead cells, and the upper right quadrant is dead/necrotic cells.

(B and C) Graphical representation showing that HBCDD (B) and TBBPA (C) exposure induced germ cell death in hESCs differentiated in in vitro spermatogenic conditions.

(D and E) Graphical representation showing that HBCDD (D) and TBBPA (E) exposure increased the percentage of germ cells undergoing late apoptosis/death in spermatogenic cells derived from hESCs.

(F and G) Graphical representation showing that HBCDD (F) and TBBPA (G) exposure increased apoptotic luminescence in hESCs differentiated in in vitro spermatogenic conditions.

(H and I) Graphical representation showing that HBCDD (H) and TBBPA (I) decreased viability fluorescence in hESCs differentiated in in vitro spermatogenic conditions. A total of 5,000 events were analyzed, with five replications performed for each condition for (B)–(E). Three replications were analyzed for (F)–(I). Significant changes in cell viability were determined using a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and validated via a Student's t test, where * is p < 0.05, ** is p < 0.01, and *** is p < 0.001. Data are represented as mean ± SEM.

See also Figure S1.