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. 2018 May 7;20(6):610–620. doi: 10.1016/j.neo.2018.02.011

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© 2018 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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ccRCC-induced sprouting primarily at the outlet region of the Nortis 3D device is consistent with COMSOL modeling. (A) Bright-field micrographs of HUVEC vessels (day 5) at the inlet, middle, and outlet regions of chips containing tumor clusters formed from ccRCC cultures. (B) Confocal cross-section of HUVEC vessel at the inlet versus outlet region of a chip containing tumor clusters from patient B46 (day 7). (C) Confocal volume projections (300-μm total thickness) at the outlet and inlet regions of chips that were reimaged at 20× zoom (compare to original 10× imaging of the same chips in Figures 5 and 7). The dotted line indicates the position of the orthogonal view shown below each volume projection. Scale bar, 100 μm. (D) COMSOL multiphysics model of flow dynamics demonstrating an angiogenic growth factor concentration gradient favoring sprouting closer to the outlet region of the Nortis 3D device.