Table 3.
Time-dependent multivariable Cox proportional hazards model for overall survival
| Characteristics | HR | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year of diagnosis | |||
| Before 1998 | REF | ||
| 1998–2003 | 0.87 | 0.72–1.01 | 0.15 |
| 2004–2008 | 0.66 | 0.53–0.81 | <0.001 |
| 2009–2012 | 0.61 | 0.48–0.78 | <0.001 |
| Age at bladder cancer diagnosis | |||
| 66–69 | REF | ||
| 70–74 | 1.9 | 1.3–3.0 | 0.003 |
| 75–79 | 2.4 | 1.6–3.7 | <0.001 |
| 80–84 | 3.8 | 2.5–5.9 | <0.001 |
| 85–high | 6.6 | 4.3–10 | <0.001 |
| Time between DM and NMIBC diagnosis, per year | 1.01 | 0.99–1.03 | 0.31 |
| Gender (male vs. female) | 1.2 | 1.02–1.4 | 0.03 |
| Area of residency (rural vs. urban) | 1.2 | 1.04–1.4 | 0.02 |
| Neighborhood income quintile | |||
| First | REF | ||
| Second | 0.9 | 0.79–1.1 | 0.51 |
| Third | 1.0 | 0.82–1.2 | 0.89 |
| Fourth | 1.1 | 0.87–1.3 | 0.63 |
| Fifth | 0.9 | 0.76–1.1 | 0.42 |
| Charlson comorbidity score | |||
| 0 | REF | ||
| 1 | 1.4 | 1.1–1.8 | 0.002 |
| 2 | 1.2 | 1.0–1.4 | 0.005 |
| 3+ | 1.5 | 1.2–1.7 | <0.001 |
| Pre-NMIBC exposure, per year of use | |||
| Metformin | 1.0 | 0.97–1.1 | 0.65 |
| Glyburide | 1.06 | 1.02–1.1 | <0.001 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 0.1 | 0.83–1.1 | 0.51 |
| Other oral anti-diabetic agents | 0.97 | 0.86–1.1 | 0.58 |
| Insulin | 1.3 | 1.11–1.5 | <0.001 |
| Post-NMIBC exposure, per year of use | |||
| Metformin | 0.96 | 0.92–1.01 | 0.08 |
| Glyburide | 1.01 | 0.97–1.1 | 0.72 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 0.91 | 0.77–1.1 | 0.30 |
| Other oral anti-diabetic agents | 1.06 | 0.85–1.2 | 0.31 |
| Insulin | 1.09 | 0.87–1.2 | 0.14 |
CI: confidence interval; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: hazard ratio; NMIBC: non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer.