Table 4.
Time-dependent multivariable competing risk model for bladder cancer-specific survival
| Characteristics | HR | 95% CI | p |
|---|---|---|---|
| Year of diagnosis | |||
| Before 1998 | REF | ||
| 1998–2003 | 1.0 | 0.71–1.5 | 0.85 |
| 2004–2008 | 0.58 | 0.37–0.88 | 0.01 |
| 2009–2012 | 0.10 | 0.05–0.20 | <0.001 |
| Age at bladder cancer diagnosis | |||
| 66–69 | REF | ||
| 70–74 | 1.2 | 0.58–2.5 | 0.60 |
| 75–79 | 0.96 | 0.46–2.0 | 0.91 |
| 80–84 | 1.4 | 0.64–3.0 | 0.43 |
| 85–high | 1.9 | 0.91–4.2 | 0.09 |
| Time between DM and NMIBC diagnosis, per year | 1.0 | 0.96–1.1 | 0.70 |
| Gender (male vs. female) | 0.80 | 0.59–1.1 | 0.15 |
| Area of residency (rural vs. urban) | 0.91 | 0.62–1.3 | 0.62 |
| Neighborhood income quintile | |||
| First | REF | ||
| Second | 1.0 | 0.68–1.5 | 0.99 |
| Third | 1.2 | 0.80–1.7 | 0.41 |
| Fourth | 1.0 | 0.66–1.5 | 0.99 |
| Fifth | 0.9 | 0.56–1.3 | 0.49 |
| Charlson comorbidity score, n (%) | |||
| 0 | REF | ||
| 1 | 1.3 | 0.74–2.2 | 0.39 |
| 2 | 1.5 | 1.1–2.0 | 0.008 |
| 3+ | 1.4 | 0.96–2.1 | 0.08 |
| Pre-NMIBC exposure, per year of use | |||
| Metformin | 1.0 | 0.90–1.1 | 0.80 |
| Glyburide | 0.97 | 0.88–1.1 | 0.50 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 0.85 | 0.36–2.0 | 0.71 |
| Other oral anti-diabetic agents | 0.99 | 0.70–1.4 | 0.93 |
| Insulin | 1.1 | 0.65–1.9 | 0.73 |
| Post-NMIBC exposure, per year of use | |||
| Metformin | 1.1 | 0.92–1.2 | 0.45 |
| Glyburide | 1.17 | 1.02–1.3 | 0.03 |
| Thiazolidinedione | 0.85 | 0.30–1.3 | 0.21 |
| Other oral anti-diabetic agents | 0.86 | 0.53–1.4 | 0.54 |
| Insulin | 1.17 | 0.76–1.8 | 0.47 |
CI: confidence interval; DM: diabetes mellitus; HR: hazard ratio; NMIBC: non-muscleinvasive bladder cancer.