Table 1.

Outcomes of clinical testing of varying MCT treatment protocols.

N	Name of chemical compound	Number of animals	Type of disease	Side effects, grade, percent of affected animals (if reported)	References
1	Lomustine (CCNU), (cell cycle neutral)	19	Grades 1–3	Neutropenia	(34)
	Eight dogs had a measurable response. One dog had a durable complete response for 440 days. Seven dogs had a partial response for a median duration of 77 days. Six dogs had stable disease for a median duration of 78 days.
2	Lomustine	81	Non-resectable, grades 2 or 3	Neutropenia or gastrointestinal effects, grades 3 and 4 (86%), hepatopathy (33%)	(35)
	One dog showed partial response. Seven dogs had stable disease at the end of the study.
3	Lomustine combined with prednisone	12	Incompletely excised, grade 2	Two fatal liver failures	(36)
	Seven dogs survived 2 years without disease progression. Two died from liver failure, indicating substantial liver toxicity of the two-drug combination.
4	Surgical cytoreduction, radiation	31	Incompletely excised, grade 3	Not reported	(37)
	Eleven dogs were alive at least 1 year without evidence of disease progression. Seventeen dogs died or were euthanized because of disease progression. The median disease free survival was 839 days. Median duration of overall survival was 845 days. Dogs with tumors ≤ 3 cm maximum diameter before surgery survived longer than dogs with tumors >3 cm. The remission rate was 65% and survival rate was 71% at 1 year after treatment.
5	Surgical cytoreduction, radiation, prednisone	19	Cutaneous MCT, stage 2	Not reported	(38)
	The median disease-free survival was 1,240 days.
6	Surgery, radiation, prednisone/vinblastine	61	High risk for metastasis	Neutropenia, grades 3–4 (6.5%)	(39)
	Twenty-four dogs developed disease progression. The median progression-free interval was 1,305 days, and the median overall survival was not reached. Sixty-five percent of all animals were alive at 3 years, but all dogs with grade 2 disease were alive at 3 years. The median overall survival for dogs with grade 3 disease was 1,374 days.
7	Surgical cytoreduction, radiation, vinblastine, lomustine, and prednisone	21	Grade 2, stage 2	Neutropenia, hepatotoxicity, grade 2–3 toxicities (63%)	(40)
	Dogs that were treated with radiation, surgery, and chemotherapy had longer median overall survival than those that were treated only with surgery and chemotherapy (2,056 days vs. 1,103, respectively).
8	Vinblastine, lomustine, and prednisone	17	Non-resectable, grades 2 and 3	Hepatotoxicity (9%)	(41)
	Five showed a complete response and six a partial response. The median progression-free survival time among treated dogs was 489 days.
9	Vinorelbine	24	Previously untreated cutaneous MCT	Neutropenia and gastrointestinal toxicity, grade 1-3	(42)
	One dog achieved complete and two partial responses. The response was measured after only 1 week and only after single dose of the drug injection.
10	Prednosolone, chlorambucil	21	Non-resectable, grades 2 and 3	Not reported	(43)
	Three dogs achieved a complete response and five partial responses. The median progression-free interval for the eight responders was 533 days, and the median survival time for all dogs in the study was 140 days.
11	Paclitaxel (Paccal Vet)	29	Non-resectable, grades 2 or 3	Neutropenia, grades 3–4 and leucopenia, grades 1–2	(44)
	Complete or partial responses were observed in more than half of the animals. The median time to progression in treated animals was 247 days.
12	Paclitaxel	168	Advanced stage, non-resectable, grades 2 or 3	Neutropenia or gastrointestinal effects, grades 3 and 4 (73%)	(35)
	Three percent of dogs showed complete and ~60% partial response or stable disease at the end of the study. Paclitaxel treated dogs were 6.5 times more likely than lomustine treated dogs to respond to chemotherapy.
13	Mastinib	200	Non-metastatic recurrent or non-resectable, grades 2 or 3	Gastrointestinal toxicity, grades 1 and 2 (36%)	(45)
	Treatment for 168 days significantly increased median time to disease progression (75 days in the placebo group and 118 days in the treatment group). The overall median survival time was 340 days in the placebo group and 491 days in the treatment group. The difference between placebo and treatment groups in median survival time duration reached significance only among the dogs with tumors expressing a mutant form of the c-KIT gene (182 vs. 417 days). For the entire population of dogs this difference was not significant.
14	Mastinib	132	Non-resectable, grades 2 or 3	Gastrointestinal toxicity, grades 2 and 3	(46)
	Complete responses were observed in 6 out of 67 treated dogs. Treatment for two years significantly increased median survival time (322 days for the placebo group and 617 days in the treatment group).
15	Toceranib (Palladia), FDA approved	145	Reoccurred MCT	Gastrointestinal effects, grades 3 and 4 (34 %)	(33)
	Animals received medication every other day for 6 weeks. Twenty-one dogs achieved complete and 41 partial response. Among the 62 responders, the median duration of the objective response and time to tumor progression were 84 and 126 days, respectively.