Table 1.
Sociodemographic, health behavior, and clinical characteristics among 1910 participants of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, 2010–2013
| White n = 701 (37%) | Black n = 539 (28%) | Hispanic n = 457 (24%) |
Chinese n = 213 (11%) |
Total N = 1910 (100%) |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years ± SD) | 68.4 ± 9.0 | 68.5 ± 9.0 | 68.2 ± 9.3 | 67.6 ± 8.9 | 68.3 ± 9.1 |
| 45–64 years | 40 | 40 | 41 | 44 | 41 |
| 65–84 years | 60 | 60 | 59 | 56 | 59 |
| Women | 54 | 55 | 53 | 54 | 54 |
| Marital status† | |||||
| Married | 66 | 50 | 58 | 82 | 61 |
| Divorced/separated/widowed | 26 | 41 | 37 | 15 | 32 |
| Never married | 8 | 9 | 5 | 3 | 7 |
| Educational attainment | |||||
| <High school | 3 | 8 | 40 | 17 | 15 |
| High school graduate | 14 | 16 | 20 | 13 | 16 |
| Some college (including vocational/tech) | 25 | 40 | 28 | 23 | 29 |
| College or greater | 58 | 36 | 12 | 47 | 40 |
| Annual Household income † | |||||
| <$25,000 | 12 | 23 | 45 | 41 | 26 |
| $25,000–74,999 | 45 | 52 | 45 | 32 | 46 |
| ≥$75,000 | 43 | 25 | 10 | 27 | 28 |
| Weekday sleep duration (hr ± SD) | |||||
| Self-reported (subjective)§ | 8.0 ± 1.2 | 7.7 ± 1.8 | 7.9 ± 1.6 | 7.8 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 1.5 |
| Actigraphy total sleep time (objective)|| | 6.8 ± 1.2 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.4 | 6.3 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 1.4 |
| Actigraphy time in bed (objective)¶ | 7.5 ± 1.3 | 6.7 ± 1.6 | 7.3 ± 1.5 | 7.1 ± 1.4 | 7.2 ± 1.5 |
| Polysomnography (objective)# | 6.2 ± 1.3 | 5.8 ± 1.5 | 5.9 ± 1.3 | 6.0 ± 1.4 | 6.0 ± 1.4 |
| Variability in sleep duration†† | 99.05 | 117.89 | 115.23 | 100.37 | 111.56 |
| Health behaviors | |||||
| Smoking status | |||||
| Never | 47 | 48 | 60 | 85 | 55 |
| Current | 6 | 12 | 4 | 3 | 7 |
| Former | 47 | 40 | 36 | 12 | 38 |
| Current alcohol use | |||||
| Yes | 62 | 42 | 31 | 15 | 44 |
| BMI categories | |||||
| Underweight | 1 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 |
| Normal | 30 | 16 | 15 | 37 | 23 |
| Overweight | 39 | 35 | 42 | 24 | 37 |
| Obese | 30 | 49 | 43 | 36 | 39 |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Obstructive sleep apnea (yes)‡‡ | 28 | 32 | 38 | 37 | 33 |
| Insomnia (yes)§§ | 35 | 38 | 38 | 29 | 36 |
| Depression (yes)‡ | 13 | 13 | 20 | 10 | 14 |
| Hypertension (yes) | 49 | 72 | 56 | 45 | 57 |
Data presented as mean ± SD or %; SD = Standard deviation; BMI = Body mass index; tech = Technical.
‡Depression = CES-D ≥16.
§Self-reported sleep duration (in hours) for weekdays.
||Wrist actigraphy measuring total sleep time (in hours) for weekdays.
¶Wrist actigraphy measuring average time in bed (in hours) for weekdays.
#One-day, in-home polysomnography measuring total sleep time (in hours).
††Five-weekday sleep duration variability represented by standard deviation in minutes.
‡‡Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was measured using one-day in-home polysomnography (number of obstructive apneas and hypopneas per hour of sleep, including events with absent airflow by thermistry but present effort by inductance belts); OSA was defined as an AHI ≥ 15 events per hour.
§§Insomnia was based on self-report using a Women’s Health Initiative Insomnia Index score of ≥9 (range: 0–20).
†Variables with 3% and greater missing: marital status for Hispanics (3.1%) and income for blacks (3.5%).