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. 2018 Apr 5;35(7):1690–1705. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy060

Fig. 6.

Fig. 6.

Acquisition of N-box-derived cis-elements in NADP-ME promoters facilitates ZmbHLH128 and ZmbHLH129 binding in PACMAD Panicoid grasses. (A) Phylogenetic tree of genes encoding plastidic NADP-ME from C3 and C4 grass species. C3: B. distachyon (Bd), O. sativa (Os), and D. oligosanthes (Do); C4: S. italica (Si), S. bicolor (Sb) and Z. mays (Zm). NADP-MEs are color-coded: magenta for C3, blue for nonC4 and green for C4. NADP-ME genomic sequences were aligned using MUSCLE, and the phylogenetic tree inferred by NJ method (1000 bootstrap pseudoreplicates, node numbers indicate bootstrap values). Gene encoding C3 plastidic NADP-ME from A. thaliana (AtC3-NADP-ME) was used as outgroup. (B) Diagram representing C3 to C4 molecular evolution of homologous bHLH binding cis-elements identified in promoters of genes encoding plastidic NADP-ME. Dashed arrow indicates intermediate evolutionary steps from C3 to C4. Vertical lines indicate two independent C4 origins of S. italica and S. bicolor/Z. mays (Paniceae and Andropogoneae tribes, respectively).