Table 4.
t-tests comparing TTO disutility scores between countries (Italy vs UKa) (N = 447)
| Health stateb disutilitiesc | Italy (n = 238)
|
UK (n = 209)
|
Difference between Italy and the UK
|
t-test
|
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | t-statistic | p-value | |
| Disutilities relative to health state A | |||||
| A vs B: Oral treatment only vs reconstitution, waiting, needle handling | −0.032 (0.059) | −0.030 (0.073) | −0.001 (0.066) | −0.212 | 0.832 |
| A vs C: Oral treatment only vs reconstitution, waiting | −0.027 (0.058) | −0.025 (0.066) | −0.003 (0.062) | −0.474 | 0.636 |
| A vs D: Oral treatment only vs reconstitution, needle handling | −0.020 (0.040) | −0.020 (0.063) | −0.000 (0.052) | −0.082 | 0.935 |
| A vs E: Oral treatment only vs reconstitution | −0.015 (0.032) | −0.014 (0.058) | −0.002 (0.046) | −0.343 | 0.732 |
| A vs F: Oral treatment only vs needle handling | −0.016 (0.033) | −0.014 (0.058) | −0.002 (0.047) | −0.411 | 0.681 |
| A vs G: Oral treatment only vs no inconveniences | −0.009 (0.025) | −0.010 (0.056) | 0.001 (0.042) | 0.167 | 0.867 |
| Disutilities relative to health state G | |||||
| G vs B: No inconveniences vs reconstitution, waiting, needle handling | −0.022 (0.052) | −0.020 (0.042) | −0.002 (0.048) | −0.455 | 0.649 |
| G vs C: No inconveniences vs reconstitution, waiting | −0.018 (0.052) | −0.014 (0.032) | −0.003 (0.044) | −0.865 | 0.388 |
| G vs D: No inconveniences vs reconstitution, needle handling | −0.011 (0.030) | −0.010 (0.027) | −0.001 (0.029) | −0.412 | 0.681 |
| G vs E: No inconveniences vs reconstitution | −0.006 (0.021) | −0.004 (0.016) | −0.002 (0.019) | −1.281 | 0.201 |
| G vs F: No inconveniences vs needle handling | −0.006 (0.021) | −0.004 (0.015) | −0.003 (0.018) | −1.512 | 0.131 |
Notes:
a
UK data adapted with permission from Matza LS, Boye KS, Stewart KD, Davies EW, Paczkowski R. Health state utilities associated with attributes of weekly injection devices for treatment of type 2 diabetes. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:774;11
b
health states B to G include health state A, plus treatment with a weekly injection;
c
disutilities computed for “A. Oral only” as x – A; and for “G. No inconveniences (Dulaglutide)” as x – G. Independent t-tests were used.
Abbreviation: TTO, time trade-off.