Table 6.
Univariate and Multivariable Analysis of Preoperative Variables as Predictors of Overall Survival (Months)
| Univariate analysis | Multivariable analysis* | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||
| Preoperative variables | HR (95% CI) | p Value | HR (95% CI) | p Value |
| Composite frailty score | 0.010†,‡ | |||
|
| ||||
| Robust | — | — | — | — |
|
| ||||
| Cognitive Impairment only | 0.93 (0.46–1.91) | 0.848 | 0.90 (0.38–2.13) | 0.811 |
|
| ||||
| Physical Frailty only | 1.95 (0.91–4.18) | 0.086 | 1.74 (0.75–4.04) | 0.195 |
|
| ||||
| Physical Frailty + Cognitive Impairment | 4.23 (2.02–8.84) | <0.001‡ | 3.92 (1.66–9.26) | 0.002‡ |
|
| ||||
| Age | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) | <0.001‡ | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.004‡ |
|
| ||||
| Sex (female vs male) | 1.27 (0.73–2.20) | 0.400 | — | — |
|
| ||||
| Race (non-white vs white) | 1.18 (0.66–2.12) | 0.583 | — | — |
|
| ||||
| Surgery for cancer (no vs yes) | 4.45 (1.77–11.20) | 0.002‡ | 2.50 (0.85–7.36) | 0.096 |
|
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| BMI, kg/m2 | 0.96 (0.92–1.01) | 0.112 | 0.976 (0.91–1.02) | 0.178 |
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| ASA score (1 to 2 vs 3 to 4) | 1.42 (0.71–2.83) | 0.317 | 2.32 (1.02–5.26) | 0.044‡ |
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| ||||
| ECOG (0 to 1 vs 2 to 3) | 1.65 (0.51–5.29) | 0.400 | — | — |
|
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| CCI (0 to 1 vs 2) | 13.20 (1.82–95.60) | 0.011‡ | 5.24 (0.66–41.81) | 0.118 |
|
| ||||
| Albumin | 0.27 (0.17–0.41) | <0.001‡ | 0.26 (0.15–0.45) | <0.001‡ |
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| Hemoglobin | 0.85 (0.74–0.96) | 0.011‡ | — | — |
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| ||||
| Creatinine | 0.99 (0.88–1.11) | 0.814 | — | — |
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| ||||
| eGFR | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.113 | — | — |
|
| ||||
| Platelets | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.238 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.034‡ |
Multivariable analysis was conducted with all independently significant preoperative variables.
*
Number of observations used was 253. Backwards selection with an α level of removal of 0.30 was used. The following variables were removed from the model: eGFR, creatinine, ECOG, sex, hemoglobin, and race.
†
Type 3 p value.
‡
Statistically significant.
ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HR, hazard ratio.