Table 2. Comparison between baseline characteristics of patients with AKI and without AKI.
| Presented as | Patients with AKI (n = 49) | Patients without AKI (n = 50) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age in years | Median (IQ range) | 69 (60–78) | 66 (55–71) | 0.037 |
| Sex | 0.876 | |||
| Male | n (%) | 35 (71.4) | 35 (70.0) | |
| Female | n (%) | 14 (28.6) | 15 (30.0) | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | Median (IQ range) | 25.0 (23.1–28.4) | 24.6 (21.7–27.9) | 0.664 |
| ICU Severity Scores | ||||
| SOFA score at inclusion | Mean (SD) | 9.3 (5.8–12.8) | 6.1 (3.8–8.4) | <0.001 |
| APACHE II score | Mean (SD) | 28 (18–38) | 20 (19–22) | 0.003 |
| APACHE III score | Median (IQ range) | 79 (64–107) | 57 (45–70) | <0.001 |
| Types of admission | ||||
| Elective surgical | n (%) | 23 (46.9) | 28 (56.0) | 0.367 |
| Emergency surgical | n (%) | 6 (12.2) | 6 (12.0) | 0.970 |
| Medical | n (%) | 20 (40.8) | 16 (32.0) | 0.362 |
| Risk factors for AKI | ||||
| Pre-admission eGFR (ml/min)a | Median (IQ range) | 71 (64–86) | 92 (70–100) | <0.001 |
| Moderate chronic kidney diseaseb | n (%) | 11 (22.4) | 4 (8.0) | 0.045 |
| Sepsis | n (%) | 7 (14.3) | 4 (8.0) | 0.320 |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 15 (30.6) | 18 (36.0) | 0.570 |
| Diabetes mellitus | n (%) | 8 (16.3) | 9 (18.0) | 0.825 |
| Organ function at inclusion | ||||
| Mean arterial pressure in mmHg | Median (IQ range) | 72 (65–82) | 72 (67–86) | 0.669 |
| Systolic blood pressure in mmHg | Median (IQ range) | 106 (99–123) | 111 (94–128) | 0.806 |
| Diastolic blood pressure in mmHg | Median (IQ range) | 56 (53–64) | 57 (52–64) | 0.843 |
| Heart rate in bpm | Mean (SD) | 81 (61–100) | 77 (65–90) | 0.353 |
| Central venous pressure in mmHg | Median (IQ range) | 7 (6–12) | 6 (3–7) | 0.017 |
| Cardiac output in L/min | Median (IQ range) | 4.1 (3.5–4.4) | 3.6 (3.3–5.4) | 0.920 |
| Central venous oxygen saturation in % | Median (IQ range) | 67 (64–73) | 68 (64–75) | 0.526 |
| Mechanical ventilation | n (%) | 48 (98.0) | 45 (90.0) | 0.097 |
| Fluid balance in mLc | Median (IQ range) | 1838 (521–4926) | 553 (¯9–1355) | 0.001 |
| Serum creatinine in μmol/L | Mean (SD) | 96 (61–131) | 70 (55–84) | <0.001 |
| Serum urea in in mmol/L | Median (IQ range) | 7.0 (6.0–9.0) | 6.0 (5.0–7.0) | 0.264 |
| Urine micro-albumin in mg/L | Median (IQ range) | 21 (8–54) | 12 (5–25) | 0.026 |
| Albumin/creatinine ratio | Median (IQ range) | 4.27 (1.10–10.25) | 2.65 (1.71–4.72) | 0.107 |
| Urine sodium in mmol/24h | Median (IQ range) | 21 (<20–75) | 90 (46–112) | 0.001 |
| Creatinine clearance in ml/min/1.73 m2 d | Median (IQ range) | 53 (29–103) | 107 (75–134) | <0.001 |
| Treatment at inclusion | ||||
| Patients receiving norepinephrine | n (%) | 30 (61.2) | 18 (36.0) | 0.012 |
| Norepinephrine support during measurement in mg/kg/h | Median (IQ range) | 0.72 (0.0–1.4) | 0.0 (0.0–0.7) | 0.001 |
| Patients receiving nephrotoxic medicatione | n (%) | 6 (12.2) | 5 (10.0) | 0.722 |
| Outcome | ||||
| Length of Stay in days | Median (IQ range) | 5 (3–12) | 2 (2–3) | <0.001 |
| 28 day all-cause mortality | n (%) | 9 (18.4) | 3 (6.0) | 0.059 |
BMI: Body Mass Index (kg/m2). SOFA score: Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment score. APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation
a eGFR was calculated using the CKD-EPI formula
b Chronic kidney disease was defined as an eGFR before ICU admission of 30–60 mL/min, patients with an eGFR < 30 ml were excluded
c Fluid balance at inclusion starting from ICU admission until measurements (<24h after admission)
d Creatinine clearance (4 hours portion)
e e.g. aminoglycosides, vancomycin, aciclovir, chemotherapeutics, NSAIDs etc. Including radiocontrast