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Immune checkpoint inhibition of CTLA-4 or PD-1 pathways by antitumor immunotherapy. CTLA- 4 = cytotoxic T-lymphocyte–associated protein 4; PD-1 = programmed cell death protein 1; MHC = major histocompatibility complex; TCR = T-cell receptor; PD-L1 = programmed cell death ligand 1. Adapted from Rothschild et al. (2015) with permission from EMH Swiss Medical Publishers Ltd.
