Table 3.
Adjusted associations of in utero ARV exposure with speech or language impairment including all ARV exposures with p<0.10
| ARV | Age / Groupa | Impairment | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Decreased Risk | ||||
| cARV vs 3NRTI | 5 / PSI | Speech | 0.24 (0.05, 1.10)a | 0.07a |
| Didanosine | 5 / CLI | Language | 0.16 (0.02, 1.27) | 0.08 |
| 5 / CLI | Grammar | 0.17 (<0.01, 0.81) | 0.05 | |
| Tenofovir | 5 / CLI | Language | 0.53 (0.27, 1.04) | 0.06 |
| 5 / CLI | Vocabulary | 0.42 (0.16, 1.12) | 0.08 | |
| 5 / CLI | Grammar | 0.32 (0.13, 0.77) | 0.01 | |
| Nelfinavir | 5 / CLI | Language | 0.52 (0.27, 1.00) | 0.05 |
| Increased Risk | ||||
| cARV vs 3NRTI | 3 / PLI | Language | 5.17 (1.02, Infinity) | 0.09 |
| Didanosine | 5 / PLI | Vocabulary | 3.46 (1.18, 10.21) | 0.02 |
| Lamivudine | 5 / CLI | Language | 2.10 (0.90, 4.93) | 0.09 |
| Tenofovir | 3 / PSI | Speech | 5.28 (1.09, 30.39) | 0.04 |
| Zidovudine | 5 / CLI | Language | 2.35 (1.00, 5.50) | 0.05 |
| 5 / CLI | Grammar | 2.50 (0.84, 7.43) | 0.10 | |
CLI = Concomitant Language Impairment; PSI = Primary Speech Impairment; PLI = Primary Language Impairment; reference group for each was “no impairment”
OR = odds ratio; CI=confidence interval, cARV=combination antiretroviral, 3NRTI=three or more nucleoside/nucleotide analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors regimen. All models adjusted for age, sex, race, and ethnicity. Model of age 3 PSI also adjusted for caregiver health problems and caregiver difficulty caring for the child; model of age 3 PLI/language: maternal alcohol use during pregnancy and caregiver lack high school degree. Model of age 5 CLI/grammar also adjusted for caregiver health problems.
aOR (95% CI) = 0.28 (0.06, 1.37), p-value = 0.12 when further adjusted for low birth weight (< 2500 gm).