BV2 microglia were treated with saline or LPS (100 ng/mL), then immediately followed by treatment with kynurenine (vehicle, 0.048, 0.48, 4.8, 48, 480 μM). After 4 h, cells were collected for qPCR analysis to determine expression of: A, Il1b (interleukin-1-b); B, Il6 (interlekin-6); C, Tnf (tumor necrosis factor-a); D, Il10 (interleukin-10); E, Nos2 (inducible nitric oxide synthase). Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Holm Sidak post hoc analysis.