Figure 4.

Integration of multimodal data with AI can augment surgical decision-making across all phases of care both at the individual patient and at the population level. An integrated AI serving as a “collective surgical consciousness” serves as the conduit to add individual patient data to a population dataset while drawing from population data to provide clinical decision support during individual cases.

CV: computer vision, ANN: artificial neural network, NLP: natural language processing, SP: signal processing.