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. 2018 Jun 11;8:8840. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27193-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Involvement of paenilarvin in biofilm formation of P. larvae ERIC II. Wild-type P. larvae ERIC II (DSM25430 wt; A,C) and a corresponding inactivation mutant for the paenilarvin gene cluster (DSM25430 Δitu; B,D) were tested in biofilm assays. Bacterial suspensions in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth were incubated without agitation in six-well-plates at 37 °C for five (A,B) and six (C,D) days. For both strains, three biological replicates were performed both for obtaining pictures under unstained conditions (A,B) and after Congo red staining (C,D). Representative pictures are shown. (E) Biofilm formation was quantified via determining the amount of Conge red dye retained in the biofilms upon centrifugation. Data represent mean values ± SD of three independent experiments. The difference between the wild-type and corresponding inactivation mutant was not significant (p = 0.9889, Student’s t-test).