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. 2018 Jun 11;8:8920. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27178-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The effect of repeated rounds of cardiotoxin injury (5x) on muscle structure in M. musculus (left columns) and A. cahirinus (right columns). (A,C) Trichrome stained TA of M. musculus showing large gaps both within and between muscle fascicles. These are adipocytes (E). Scale bars = 100 μm (A) and 50 μm (C).(B,D) Trichrome stained TA of A. cahirinus showing perfect structural regeneration. Scale bars = 100 μm (B) and 50 μm (D). (E,F) Perilipin immunocytochemistry of M. musculus (E) showing many positive adipocytes (arrows) in the muscle compared to A. cahirinus (F) showing only one adipocyte present (arrow). Scale bars = 100 μm. (G) counts of adipocyte numbers in M. musculus and A. cahirinus TA after 5 rounds of repeated CTX injection into the TA showing almost no adipocytes present in A. cahirinus. (H) RT-qPCR analysis of gene expression for Adipoq after 5 rounds of CTX injections showing 2.5-fold higher levels in A. cahirinus (grey bar) which may contribute to its improved regenerative ability. Statistical analysis performed by two-tailed t-test. ^***<0.001.