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. 2018 Jun 11;8:8820. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-26358-9

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of T₁ generation plants. (a) Screening for the selection of putative transformants grown in quartz sand under the selection pressure of 70 ppm kanamycin; (b) putative transgenic plants established in the greenhouse; (c) PCR analysis of T₁ generation plants for the amplification of a 640 bp cry2Aa gene fragment (L: 1 kb ladder, B: template blank, NT: non transgenic, lane 1–48 = representative samples of putative transformants, P: plasmid); (d) Performance of putative transformants vis- á- vis non transgenic plants in the in vitro leaf bioassay against neonate larvae of Helicoverpa armigera (NT: non transgenic plants; T: putative transformants); (e) frequency distribution of the plants based on percentage mortality of H. armigera in the bioassay; (f) a representative histogram depicting the variation in the performance of T₁ generation plants in the in vitro bioassay.