Table 1.
Descriptive information of studies and contrasts used in the meta-analyses.
Article | n | Male | Handedness | Age range | Task | Contrast | Foci | p-valuec |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arsalidou et al., 2011 | 15 | 2 | N/A | 26.3 ± 4.5 | Dynamic and static happy and neutrala | Happy: dynamic > static | 2 | P < 0.01 using cluster level threshold p = 0.05 |
Dynamic > static | 5 | P < 0.01, using cluster level threshold p = 0.05 | ||||||
Grosbras and Paus, 2006 | 20 | 10 | R | 19–46 | Angry and neutral movements of facesb | Neutral: dynamic > control | 28 | P < 0.05 using Gaussian random-field theory to correct for multiple comparisons |
Angry: dynamic > control | 27 | P < 0.05 using Gaussian random-field theory to correct for multiple comparisons | ||||||
Hurlemann et al., 2008 | 14 | 7 | R | 25.04 ± 2.4 | Dynamic happy and angry facial animationsb | Dynamic:emotional > neutral | 10 | P < 0.001, uncorrected |
Dynamic: angry > neutral | 3 | |||||||
Dynamic: happy > neutral | 17 | |||||||
LaBar et al., 2003 | 10 | 5 | R | 21–30 | Dynamic and static; angry and fearfulb | Anger morph > static | 6 | P < 0.001, uncorrected |
Fear morph > static | 16 | |||||||
Identity morph > static neutral | 16 | |||||||
Emotion morph > static emotion | 17 | |||||||
Lee et al., 2010 | 17 | 7 | R | 24.94 ± 4.16 | Dynamic and static turning heada | Turning heads > static heads | 9 | P < 0.05, cluster corrected, |
Pelphrey et al., 2007 | 8 | 6 | All R | 24.1 ± 5.6 | Dynamic and static; angry and fearfula | Dynamic emotions > static emotions (normal group) | 6 | P < 0.05, uncorrected |
Pentón et al., 2010 | 13 | 8 | N/A | 19–55 | Static and dynamic, neutral and fearful facesb | Dynamic > static | 21 | P < 0.05, FDR corrected |
Robins et al., 2009 | 10 | 3 | N/A | 22.3 ± 4.6 | Dynamic angry, happy, fearful, and neutralb | Dynamic emotion > neutral | 5 | P < 0.001 |
Sarkheil et al., 2013 | 20 | 9 | R | 20–42 | Angry and happy morph face stimulib | Intensity effect (more > less) | 8 | P < 0.05, cluster-size thresholding |
Sato et al., 2015 | 15 | 9 | R | 26.9 ± 3.9 | Fearful, happy, and neutral dynamic and static faces and mosaicsa | Dynamic facial > dynamic mosaics; time 150–200 | 13 | P < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons with a height threshold of P < 0.01 (uncorrected) |
Dynamic facial > dynamic mosaics; time 200–250 | 3 | |||||||
Dynamic facial > dynamic mosaics; time 250–300 | 4 | |||||||
Dynamic facial > dynamic mosaics; time 300–350 | 6 | |||||||
Dynamic facial > dynamic mosaics; time 350–400 | 5 | |||||||
Sato et al., 2004 | 11 | * | R | 26.5 | Dynamic fearful and neutral facesa | Fear: dynamic > static | 18 | P < 0.05 |
11 | * | Happy: dynamic > static | 12 | |||||
Schultz and Pilz, 2009 | 10 | 6 | N/A | N/A | Dynamic and static; angry and surprisedb | Dynamic faces > static faces | 6 | P < 0.05, FDR-corrected and cluster-wise corrected |
Schultz et al., 2013 | 26 | 14 | R | 22–39 | Video recordings of moving faces, static faces and scrambled order of dynamic facesb | Movies with ordered frames > movies with scrambled frames | 3 | P < 0.001, uncorrected |
Original 25 Hz movies > static faces | 4 | |||||||
Trautmann et al., 2009 | 16 | 0 | R | 21.6 ± 2.3 | Dynamic and static; happy and disgusta | Dynamic faces (happy > neutral) > static faces (happy > neutral) | 14 | P < 0.001, uncorrected |
Dynamic faces (disgust > neutral) > static faces (disgust > neutral) | 18 |
n = sample size;
= 22 participants (10 males) participated in two studies, gender assignment was not specified; N/A, not available; R, all right handed;
studies that instruct participants to passively view faces;
studies that instruct participants to make judgments about faces,
thresholding settings reported in paper.