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Antinociceptive activities of S. aqueum leaf extract. (A) Effect of S. aqueum extract (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or diclofenac (10 mg/kg, p.o.) on acetic acid-induced writhing (0.7%, 1 mL/100 g) in mice. (B) Hot plate response latency measured 1–4 h after vehicle, extract (300 mg/kg, p.o.) or nalbuphine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) administration in mice. Data is expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 5–7). ∗p < 0.001 vs. control values.
