. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jun 12.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Obes. 2013 Nov 27;4(1):1–20. doi: 10.1111/cob.12040

Table 1.

Cross-sectional studies

Study	Participants	Comparison	Activity assessment	Results
Parsons et al. (2009) (28)	4531 men; 4594 women Age = 44–45 BMI = NR	Occupational vs. leisure time PA	Self-report of work and leisure PA over the past 12 months Outcomes: MET-h week⁻¹	Leisure PA MET-h week⁻¹ increased with increased work MET-h week⁻¹ in men but not in women
Tigbe et al. (2011) (30)	56 walking postal workers 51 men; five women Age = 38 (9)^* BMI = 26.2 (3) 56 postal office administrative staff. 46 men; 10 women Age = 40 (7) BMI = 27.4 (4)	Compared 24-hr PA between groups with high (walking postal delivery workers) and low (postal administrative office workers) occupational PA	Uniaxial accelerometer over 7 consecutive days	Delivery staff were more active than administrative staff during work hours but not during non-work hours or on non-work days. Following active work days or on non-work days, delivery staff did not in engage in more sedentary activity than administrative staff
Withers et al. (1998) (31)	12 women; long term exercisers Averaged 8.6 h week⁻¹ or aerobic exercise for a mean of 22 years Age = 55.2 (7) BMI = 20.8 (2.3) 12 women; no long-term exercise Age = 57.5 (5.3) BMI = 22.7 (2.1) Six never exercised, six with no regular exercise for a mean of 16 years	Long-term exercisers vs. non-exercising women	7 d activity diary DWL in the eight most active and the eight least active participants. Non-exercise EE = TDEE – (RMR + TEF + EEEx)	Diary data indicated long-term exercisers had significantly higher total daily EE compared with non-exercisers DLW data showed no difference in non-exercise EE between long-term exercisers and non-exercisers
Wolin et al. (2008) (29) NHANES 1999–2000 data	2550 men Age = 43.2 (0.5) BMI = NR 29.6% minority 2898 women Age = 44.8 (0.5) BMI = NR 31.3% minority	Compared leisure time moderate/vigorous PA by level of occupational PA	Survey: participants reported frequency and duration of moderate and vigorous PA over the past 30 d Outcome: h week⁻¹ Occupational activity was self-reported as one of four levels	Mean leisure time PA increased with increased occupational PA after control for gender, race, age, education and employment status in the total sample. However, in models stratified by gender, this effect was seen only in men.

Mean (SD).

DLW, doubly labelled water; EE, energy expenditure; EEEx, exercise energy expenditure; NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; NR, not reported; PA, physical activity; SD, standard deviation; TDEE, total daily energy expenditure; TEF, thermic effect of food.