Table 4.
Randomized trials
| Study | Participants | Length | Intervention | Exercise/Activity assessment | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Church et al. (2009) (15) | Control: 94 women Age = 57.2 (5.9)* BMI = 32.2 (3.9) Exercise- 4 kcal kg−1 week−1 (KKW) 139 women Age = 57.9 (6.5) BMI = 31.4 (3.7) Exercise- 8 KKW 85 women Age = 56.7 (6.4) BMI = 32.2 (4.1) Exercise-12 KKW 93 women Age = 56.4 (6.3) BMI = 31.1 (3.6) |
6 months | (i) control, no exercise (ii) exercise, three to four sessions week−1 at 50% VO2 max designed to achieve energy expenditures of 4, 8 and 12 KKW Exercise alternated between semi-recumbent bike and treadmill |
Pedometers worn daily except during exercise training | No significant between-group differences in mean daily steps at 6 months No significant change in mean daily steps from baseline to 6 months in any exercise group |
| Fujita et al. (2003) (52) | Control: 15 men; 16 women Exercise: 15 men; 16 women Age = 67.1 (NR) BMI = NR |
25 weeks with 6-month follow-up | (i) Control, two 2-h classes (1-h lecture on non-exercise topic, 1-h board games). Asked to attend one session month−1 (ii) Exercise, 2–3 h supervised exercise classes week−1. Endurance exercise –cycle ergometer at 50–60% HR reserve and RT with resistance bands |
Activity diary 3 consecutive week days pre and post. TDEE (kcal kg−1 d−1) calculated by (activity time × MET value)/body weight | TDEE increased significantly pre- to post-intervention in exercise group but not controls. The change in TDEE was significant only in women. At 6-month follow-up, TDDE was significantly higher in than baseline in the exercise group |
| Hollowell et al. (2009) (55) | Control: four men; four women Age = 51 (7) BMI = 31 (3) Exercise: low amount/moderate intensity three men, five women. Age = 57(6) BMI = 29 (3) Exercise: low amount/vigorous intensity 10 men; 10 women. Age = 54 (6) BMI = 30 (3) Exercise: high amount/vigorous intensity Age = 51 (6) BMI = 30 (2) |
8 months | Control: no exercise Exercise: three to five times week−1 Low amount/moderate intensity: 40–55% −1 VO2 peak to achieve EE of 5023 kJ week Low amount/vigorous intensity: 65–85% VO2 peak to achieve EE of 5023 kJ week−1 High amount/vigorous intensity: 65–85% −1 VO2 peak to achieve EE of 8372 kJ week |
7 d tri-axial accelerometer at baseline and end Removed accelerometer data during exercise sessions and 30 min pre- and post-exercise. |
No between-group differences for change in non-exercise EE Change in total PA energy expenditure was significantly greater in high amount/vigorous intensity vs. control and between low amount/vigorous intensity and high amount/vigorous intensity |
| Rangan et al. (2011) (56) | Aerobic training: 14 men, 14 women Age = 51.8 (9.2) BMI = 30.5 (3.1) RT: eight men; 20 women Age = 50.6 (12.4) BMI = 30.3 (3.1) Aerobic + RT: 10 men; 16 women. Age = 47.5 (11.0) BMI = 30.9 (3.2) |
8 months | Aerobic: Treadmill, elliptical or cycle ergometer exercise ramped over 8–10 weeks. for a goal EE of 14 KKW. RT: 3 d week−1., three sets, 8–12 reps, eight major muscle groups. Aerobic + RT: Linear combination of both exercise prescriptions |
7 d tri-axial accelerometer at baseline and end Removed accelerometer data during exercise sessions and 30 min pre- and post-exercise |
No significant change in non-exercise PA from baseline to end study in any group |
| Rosenkilde et al. (2012) (21) | Control: 17 men Age = 31(6) BMI = 28 (2.3) Moderate dose exercise (MOD): 18 men Age = 30(7) BMI = 28.6(1.8) High-dose exercise (HIGH): 18 men Age = 28(5) BMI = 27.6(1.4) |
13 weeks | Control: no exercise MOD: Treadmill running/cycling 300 kcal d−1. Higher intensity sessions (>70% VO2 max) 3 d week−1 HIGH: Same as MOD with goal of 600 kcal d−1 |
3 d uniaxial accelerometer at baseline and the average of accelerometer output obtained at 6 and 11 weeks post-randomization. Non-exercise PA was obtained by subtracting activity counts during prescribed exercise from total activity counts |
Increase in total activity counts was significantly greater in both MOD and HIGH vs. control No significant difference for change in non-exercise PA in any group Note: Non-exercise PA was increased 37% (p = 0.09) in MOD vs. control |
| Turner et al. (2010) (53) | Control: 14 men Age = 53(4) BMI = 27.6 (3) Exercise: 15 men. Age = 55 (5) BMI = 28.1(2.7) |
24 weeks | Control: no exercise Exercise: Walk/run/cycle or cross-training. Progressed from 30 min, 3 d week−1. at ~50% VO2 max at weeks 1–2 to 60 min. 4 d week−1 at 70% VO2 max by week 24. Approximately 10% of exercise sessions were supervised. |
7 consecutive days monitoring with a synchronized HR-accelerometer device at baseline, weeks 2, 9 and 18 during the intervention, and during 2 weeks of detraining. Non-exercise EE = TDEE – EEEx. EEEx was estimated from electronic monitoring system on exercise equipment | No change in non-exercise EE across the study period Trend for non-exercise EE to be maintained in the exercise group relative to a decrease over time in the control group |
| Van Etten et al. (1997) (54) | Control: eight men Age = 35(6) BMI = 23.6(NR) Exercise: 18 men Age = 33 (6) BMI = 23.8 (NR) |
18 weeks | Control: No exercise Exercise: Supervised RT, 2 non-consecutive days week−1, three sets, 15 reps, 10 exercises |
Two methods at baseline and end, 7 d triaxial accelerometer DLW on 12 of 18 exercisers. Non-training EE = (TDEE + TEF + sleep EE + net EEEx) |
No change in non-training EE assessed by accelerometer in exercise or control groups No change in DLW assessed non-training EE in the exercise group |
*
Mean (SD).
DLW, doubly labelled water; EE, energy expenditure; EEEx, exercise energy expenditure; HR, heart rate; KKW, kcal kg−1 week−1; NR, not reported; PA, physical activity; RT, resistance training; SD, standard deviation; TDEE, total daily energy expenditure; TEF, thermic effect of food.