Table 2.

Micropeptides and their diverse biological functions.

Origin	Micro-peptides	Conservation	Method of identification/characterization	Function	Size (AAs)	References
Plant	Early nodulin 40 (Enod 40)	Plants	In vitro translation	Nodule organogenesis	12.24	Rohrig et al., 2002
	POLARIS (PLS)		Gene expression analysis by promoter trapping; Mutation analysis	Leaf morphogenesis	36	Casson et al., 2002; Chilley et al., 2006
	Brick1 (Brk)	Plants and animals	Mutation analysis	Leaf morphogenesis	76	Frank and Smith, 2002
	ROTUNDIFOLIA (ROT4)	Plants	Screening of a mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana	Leaf morphogenesis	53	Narita et al., 2004
	ROT18/DLV1	Plants	Gain of function screening of genes responsible for fruit growth and development in Arabidopsis	Plant organogenesis	51	Wen et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2015
	Kiss of death (KOD)		Gene expression analysis by promoter trapping	Programmed cell death regulation	25	Blanvillain et al., 2011
	Zm401p10, Zm908p11	Poaceae	Bioinformatics analysis	Pollen development	89.97	Ma et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2009; Dong et al., 2013
Animal	Polished rice (Pri)	Insects	Mutation analysis	Fly embryogenesis	11–32	Galindo et al., 2007; Kondo et al., 2007, 2010
	Toddler	Vertebrates	Ribo-seq-based search for novel signaling peptides	Promotes cell migration	58	Pauli et al., 2014
	AGD3	Mammals	Sequencing analysis.	Involve in stem cell differentiation	63	Kikuchi et al., 2009
	Myoregulin (MLN)	Mammals	Bioinformatics approaches; Homology-based characterization	Calcium homeostasis	46	Magny et al., 2013; Anderson et al., 2015
	DWORF	Lamprey	PhyloCSF search; Gain and loss of function	Enhance muscle performance	34	Nelson et al., 2016
	Myomixer	Vertebrates	CRISPR-cas9 mediated loss of function screening of genes required for myoblast fusion	Functionally involve in controlling muscle performance	84	Bi et al., 2017
	MRI-2	Mammals	HPLC-MS/MS screening combining with RNA seq; characterized by functional proteomics	DNA repairing process	69	Slavoff et al., 2014
	NoBody	Mammals	HPLC-MS/MS screening combining with RNA seq; characterized by functional Proteomics	mRNA recycling	68	D'Lima et al., 2017
	SPAR	Human and mouse	Proteomics strategy	Regulate muscle regeneration	90	Matsumoto et al., 2017
	Humanin	Different species	Functional expression screening	Involve in program cell death	24	Hashimoto et al., 2001; Guo et al., 2003
	MOTS-c	14 species	In silico search for potential sORFs in human 12srRNA.	Metabolic Homeostasis	16	Lee et al., 2015
	Minion	Mammalian species	RNA seq analysis of uninjured and regenerating muscle	Muscle formation	84	Zhang et al., 2017
	HOXB-AS3	Primates	Ribosome profiling	Suppresses colon cancer growth	53	Huang et al., 2017