Table 4.

Birth weight and metabolic health biomarkers in cord blood comparing SGA infants with low (SGA1) or normal (SGA2) maternal circulating PlGF concentrations to control infants.

	SGA1 (n = 49)b	SGA2 (n = 54)b	Control (n = 153)b	Adjusted SGA1 vs. SGA2	Pa	SGA2 vs. control
					SGA1 vs. control
Birth weight, g	2,645, 2,607 ± 337	2,797, 2,770 ± 238	3,424, 3,370 ± 304	0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Cord blood
Insulin, pmol/l	20.4, 29.6 ± 22.6	28.5, 43.7 ± 54.4	28.8, 37.7 ± 29.9	0.25	0.008	0.28
Proinsulin, pmol/l	8.7, 12.4 ± 11.5	9.3, 14.4 ± 19.0	12.4, 16.4 ± 15.3	0.79	0.046	0.009
IGF-I, nmol/l	3.9, 3.8 ± 2.2	4.2, 4.6 ± 2.8	8.0, 8.1 ± 3.4	0.18	<0.001	<0.001
Leptin, ng/ml	6.1, 7.3 ± 3.6	8.3, 10.2 ± 8.0	9.7, 11.8 ± 7.1	0.01	0.0002	0.02
HMW adiponectin, μg/ml	17.0, 17.4 ± 8.4	17.1, 18.6 ± 7.5	20.2, 20.8 ± 8.9	0.72	0.01	0.03

Data presented are median, mean ± SD; biomarkers data were log-transformed in all comparisons.

SGA, small for gestational age (<10th percentile); SGA1, SGA with low maternal PlGF concentration (<25th percentile or 462 pg/ml); SGA2, SGA with normal maternal PlGF1 (≥25th percentile). PlGF, placental growth factor; IGF-I, insulin-like growth factor-I; HMW, high-molecular weight; BMI, body mass index.

^aP values for comparisons of mean values in log-transformed data from generalized linear models adjusting for maternal (age, parity, education, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol drinking, pre-pregnancy BMI, and family history of diabetes), pregnancy (gestational diabetes mellitus, gestational hypertensive disorder, and glucocorticoids use), and delivery (cesarean section, infant sex, gestational age, and duration of labor) characteristics; for cord blood insulin and proinsulin, the comparisons were further adjusted for cord blood glucose concentration (which affects insulin and proinsulin concentrations).

^bThe effective sample sizes for comparisons between groups in generalized linear models (subjects with data on both maternal PlGF and cord blood biomarkers).

P values in bold: P ≤ 0.01.