Table 1.
Maternal sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related characteristics of the antenatal and postnatal samples, overall and by self-reported psychiatric disorder (n=8069)
| Antenatal sample
|
Postnatal sample
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total, n=4308 | Psychiatric disorder
|
Total, n=3761 | Psychiatric disorder
|
|||
| No, n=4126 | Yes, n=182 | No, n=3588 | Yes, n=173 | |||
| Pregnancy characteristics | ||||||
| Gestation week (range=1–42), mean (SD) | 22.7 (10.2) | 22.7 (10.2) | 21.6 (10.3) | |||
| Weeks since childbirth, n (%) | ||||||
| 0–12 | 784 (20.9) | 746 (20.8) | 38 (22.0) | |||
| 13–24 | 931 (24.8) | 904 (25.2) | 27 (15.6) | |||
| ≥25 | 2046 (54.4) | 1938 (54.0) | 108 (62.4) | |||
| No previous children, n (%) | 2413 (56.0) | 2311 (56.0) | 102 (56.0) | 1698 (45.2) | 1617 (45.1) | 81 (46.8) |
| No perinatal use of folate,a n (%) | 346 (8.0) | 332 (8.1) | 14 (7.7) | 297 (7.9) | 285 (7.9) | 12 (6.9) |
| Completely unplanned pregnancy, n (%) | 343 (8.0) | 325 (7.9) | 18 (9.9) | 332 (8.8) | 301 (8.4) | 31 (17.9) |
| Sociodemographic characteristics | ||||||
| Residence, n (%) | ||||||
| Western Europe | 1671 (38.8) | 1606 (38.9) | 65 (35.7) | 1346 (35.8) | 1289 (35.9) | 57 (32.9) |
| Northern Europe | 1579 (36.7) | 1488 (36.1) | 91 (50.0) | 1159 (30.8) | 1077 (30.0) | 82 (47.4) |
| Eastern Europe | 1058 (24.6) | 1032 (25.0) | 26 (14.3) | 1256 (33.4) | 1222 (34.1) | 34 (19.7) |
| Maternal age (years; range 15–50), mean (SD) | 29.5 (5.0) | 29.5 (5.0) | 29.3 (5.2) | 30.0 (5.1) | 30.0 (5.0) | 30.4 (6.3) |
| Marital status, n (%) | ||||||
| Married/cohabiting | 4110 (95.4) | 3949 (95.7) | 161 (88.5) | 3556 (94.6) | 3406 (94.9) | 150 (86.7) |
| Other than above | 198 (4.6) | 177 (4.3) | 21 (11.5) | 205 (5.5) | 182 (5.1) | 23 (13.3) |
| Working status at conception, n (%) | ||||||
| Employed | 3132 (72.7) | 3015 (73.1) | 117 (64.3) | 2836 (75.4) | 2746 (76.5) | 90 (52.0) |
| Student | 343 (8.0) | 328 (8.0) | 15 (8.2) | 352 (9.4) | 321 (9.0) | 31 (17.9) |
| Homemaker | 373 (8.7) | 357 (8.7) | 16 (8.8) | 264 (7.0) | 237 (6.6) | 27 (15.6) |
| Job seeker/others | 454 (10.5) | 420 (10.2) | 34 (18.7) | 305 (8.1) | 280 (7.8) | 25 (14.5) |
| Educational attainment, n (%) | ||||||
| Below high school | 179 (4.2) | 160 (3.9) | 19 (10.4) | 152 (4.0) | 124 (3.5) | 28 (16.2) |
| High school | 1741 (40.4) | 1659 (40.2) | 82 (45.1) | 1470 (39.1) | 1398 (39.0) | 72 (41.6) |
| Above high school | 2388 (55.4) | 2307 (55.9) | 81 (44.5) | 2139 (56.9) | 2066 (57.6) | 73 (42.2) |
| Immigrant status (yes),b n (%) | 219 (5.1) | 209 (5.1) | 10 (5.5) | 234 (6.2) | 227 (6.3) | 7 (4.1) |
| Lifestyle characteristics | ||||||
| Alcohol use during pregnancy (yes),c n (%) | 616 (14.3) | 579 (14.0) | 37 (20.3) | 672 (17.9) | 639 (17.8) | 33 (19.1) |
| Smoking during pregnancy (yes), n (%) | 393 (9.1) | 363 (8.8) | 30 (16.5) | 351 (9.3) | 322 (9.0) | 29 (16.8) |
| Neurotic personality traits (range 8–40),d mean (SD) | 22.4 (5.6) | 22.1 (5.5) | 28.4 (5.2) | 22.5 (6.1) | 22.2 (5.9) | 28.5 (5.3) |
| Health-related characteristics | ||||||
| Medical contact due to fertility problems (yes), n (%) | 679 (15.8) | 648 (15.7) | 31 (17.0) | 523 (13.9) | 494 (13.8) | 29 (16.8) |
| Nausea in pregnancy (yes), n (%) | 3234 (75.1) | 3085 (74.8) | 149 (81.9) | 2626 (69.8) | 2492 (69.5) | 134 (77.5) |
| Sleeping problems in pregnancy (yes), n (%) | 2572 (59.7) | 2435 (59.0) | 137 (75.3) | 1978 (52.6) | 1874 (52.2) | 104 (60.1) |
| Chronic somatic comorbidity (yes),e n (%) | 934 (21.7) | 827 (20.0) | 107 (58.8) | 848 (22.6) | 741 (20.7) | 107 (61.9) |
Notes: Missing values were <1.5% for immigrant status, employment, unplanned pregnancy, smoking, fertility problems, folate use, and alcohol use and between 2.5% and 3.0% for neuroticism traits.
Use of folate before and/or during pregnancy;
women having the first language different from the official main language in the country of residence;
alcohol consumption after the awareness of the pregnancy;
measured via the Big Five Inventory personality scale;
defined as self-reported asthma, allergy, hypothyroidism, epilepsy, diabetes (type I or II), and rheumatic or cardiovascular diseases.
Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.