Table 1. Description of physical examination tests for ACL tear.

Tests	Description of technique and positive outcomes.
Lachman [31–33]	The patient is in supine position. The clinician positions the patient’s knee at 15-30° of flexion while holding the tibial plateau with one hand and the proximal aspect of the knee with the other hand. The clinician applies a swift anterior perpendicular force to the tibia. The test is considered positive when the clinician observes an anterior glide of the tibia and/or palpates an absent end-feel significantly different from the unaffected side.
Pivot shift [31–33]	The patient is in supine position. The clinician fully extends and internally rotates the patient’s knee. The clinician’s distal hand is placed at the patient’s ankle to maintain internal rotation while his other hand palpates the lateral tibial plateau while inducing a slight valgus stress on the knee. The clinician then slowly flexes the knee. The test is considered positive if, during the first 30° of flexion, the clinician observes or palpates a subluxation and/or gliding of the tibial plateau significantly different from the unaffected side.
Anterior drawer test [31–33]	The patient is in supine position. The clinician positions the patient’s knee at 90° of flexion while stabilizing the limb by sitting on the foot of the patient. Using both hands, the clinician holds the tibial plateau and applies a slow anterior perpendicular force to the tibia. The test is considered positive when the clinician observes an anterior glide of the tibia significantly different from the unaffected side.