Table 6. Diagnostic clusters combining history elements and physical examination tests to diagnose partial or complete ACL tears (n = 43) or complete ACL tears only (n = 22).

Clusters	Se (95% CI)	Sp (95% CI)	PPV (95% CI)	LR+ (95% CI)
Knee complaints are likely due to a partial or complete ACL tear in individuals with:	0.58 (0.42–0.72)	0.94 (0.90–0.97)	0.64 (0.47–0.79)	9.80 (5.55–17.29)
➢Pivoting traumatic mechanism
AND
➢“Popping” sensation during trauma
Internal validation	0.53 (0.38–0.69)	0.92 (0.87–0.95)	0.56 (0.40–0.72)	7.01 (4.15–11.85)
Knee complaints are likely due to a complete ACL tear in individuals with:	0.82 (0.60–0.95)	0.95 (0.92–0.97)	0.60 (0.41–0.77)	17.5 (9.8–31.5)
➢Pivoting traumatic mechanism
AND
➢Immediate effusion after trauma
AND
➢Positive Lachman test
Internal validation	0.82 (0.60–0.95)	0.93 (0.90–0.96)	0.51 (0.34–0.69)	12.37 (7.50–20.39)

Se: sensitivity; Sp: specificity; PPV: positive predictive value; LR+: positive likelihood ratio. Clusters are obtained using recursive partitioning with all variables associated with the diagnosis of an ACL tear. Internal validation was assessed by bootstrapping (n = 1000).