Table 1. Participant characteristics among (A) HIV-uninfected and (B) HIV-infected women.
Any Abuse history includes emotional, physical, sexual abuse. SLV: Since last visit, in the past 6 months. Some categories have missing values and therefore, might not add up to the sample size for that group.
| 1A. HIV-uninfected | |||||
| Variable | No Depression, No Abuse, %(N) | Depression Only, %(N) | Abuse Only, %(N) | Depression & Abuse, %(N) | p-value |
| N | 10 | 11 | 10 | 8 | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, Median (IQR) | 35.2 (30.6–39.5) | 47.9 (46.8–48.8) | 41.0 (39.4–49.5) | 41.8 (34.5–44.1) | <0.01 |
| Race | 0.15 | ||||
| White | 20.0 (2) | 36.4 (4) | 50.0 (5) | 12.5 (1) | . |
| African-American | 80.0 (8) | 36.4 (3) | 40.0 (4) | 75.0 (6) | . |
| Other | 0.0 (0) | 27.3 (3) | 10.0 (1) | 12.5 (1) | . |
| Education | 0.39 | ||||
| <HS | 10.0 (1) | 54.5 (5) | 11.1 (1) | 37.5 (3) | . |
| HS | 20.0 (2) | 18.2 (2) | 22.2 (2) | 25.0 (2) | . |
| >HS | 70.0 (7) | 27.3 (3) | 66.7 (6) | 37.5 (3) | . |
| Income | <0.01 | ||||
| <$12,000 | 0.0 (0) | 60.0 (6) | 44.4 (4) | 50.0 (3) | . |
| <$24,000 | 0.0 (0) | 20.0 (2) | 11.1 (1) | 50.0 (3) | . |
| >$24,000 | 100.0 (10) | 20.0 (2) | 44.4 (4) | 0.0 (0) | . |
| Employed | 80.0 (8) | 27.3 (2) | 33.3 (3) | 37.5 (3) | 0.07 |
| Reproductive status and sexual behavior | |||||
| # Male Sex Partners (last 6 months), Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–5.0) | 0.22 |
| Vaginal Sex with Male last 48 hrs | 20.0 (2) | 9.1 (1) | 11.1 (1) | 25.0 (2) | 0.82 |
| Condom Use During Vaginal Sex | 0.54 | ||||
| Always | 33.3 (3) | 44.4 (4) | 12.5 (1) | 0.0 (8) | . |
| Sometimes | 33.3 (3) | 11.1 (1) | 37.5 (3) | 28.6 (2) | . |
| Never | 33.3 (3) | 44.4 (4) | 50.0 (4) | 71.4 (5) | . |
| Anal Sex SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 12.5 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.7 |
| Transactional Sex SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 25.0 (2) | 0.03 |
| BV by Amsel at visit | 12.5 (1) | 12.5 (1) | 10.0 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 1 |
| Been Through Menopause | 0.0 (0) | 27.3 (3) | 22.2 (2) | 12.5 (1) | 0.31 |
| Hormonal Contraception last 6 months | 10.0 (1) | 18.2 (2) | 10.0 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.89 |
| Other risk behavior and abuse/depression status | |||||
| Current Smoker | 10.0 (1) | 81.8 (9) | 22.2 (2) | 50.0 (4) | <0.01 |
| Ever use crack, cocaine, or heroin | 10.0 (1) | 90.9 (10) | 66.7 (6) | 75.0 (6) | <0.01 |
| Drinks per week, Median (IQR) | 0.7 (0.1–1.5) | 0.0 (0.0–5.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 12.3 (4.3–26) | <0.01 |
| CESD, Median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 42.0 (32.0–44.0) | 6.5 (5.0–10.0) | 26.5 (23.5–33.0) | <0.01 |
| Any Abuse history | 40.0 (4) | 81.8 (8) | 100 (9) | 100 (8) | <0.01 |
| Any Abuse SLV | 0.0 (0) | 10.0 (1) | 22.2 (2) | 62.5 (5) | <0.01 |
| Childhood Sexual Abuse | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 100 (10) | 100 (8) | <0.01 |
| Childhood Physical Abuse | 0.0 (0) | 18.2 (2) | 66.7 (6) | 37.5 (3) | <0.01 |
| IPV history | 10.0 (1) | 36.4 (4) | 66.7 (6) | 50.0 (4) | 0.07 |
| IPV SLV | 0.0 (0) | 9.1 (1) | 11.1 (1) | 37.5 (3) | 0.12 |
| Sexual Abuse history | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 100 (10) | 100 (8) | <0.01 |
| Sexual Abuse SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 25.0 (2) | . |
| Physical Abuse history | 30.0 (3) | 72.7 (7) | 100 (9) | 100 (8) | <0.01 |
| Physical Abuse SLV | 0.0 (0) | 9.1 (1) | 10.0 (1) | 37.5 (3) | 0.12 |
| 1B. HIV-infected | |||||
| Variable | No Depression, No Abuse, %(N) | Depression Only, %(N) | Abuse Only, %(N) | Depression & Abuse, %(N) | p-value |
| N | 10 | 10 | 8 | 10 | |
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, Median (IQR) | 46.4 (43.8–54.1) | 44.3 (39.3–46.0) | 44.6 (40.9–48.2) | 43.2 (36.4–52.0) | 0.41 |
| Race | 0.84 | ||||
| White | 10.0 (1) | 20.0 (2) | 12.5 (1) | 10.0 (1) | . |
| African-American | 80.0 (8) | 60.0 (6) | 75.0 (6) | 90.0 (9) | . |
| Other | 10.0 (1) | 20.0 (2) | 12.5 (1) | 0.0 (0) | . |
| Education | 0.03 | ||||
| <HS | 0.0 (0) | 70.0 (7) | 37.5 (3) | 50.0 (5) | . |
| HS | 30.0 (3) | 10.0 (1) | 12.5 (1) | 10.0 (1) | . |
| >HS | 70.0 (7) | 20.0 (2) | 50.0 (4) | 40.0 (4) | . |
| Income | 0.34 | ||||
| <$12,000 | 33.3 (3) | 50.0 (5) | 57.1 (4) | 80.0 (8) | . |
| <$24,000 | 22.2 (2) | 40.0 (4) | 28.6 (2) | 10.0 (1) | . |
| >$24,000 | 44.4 (4) | 10.0 (1) | 14.3 (1) | 10.0 (1) | . |
| Employed | 70.0 (7) | 30.0 (3) | 25.0 (2) | 0.0 (0) | <0.01 |
| Reproductive status and sexual behavior | |||||
| # Male Sex Partners (last 6 months), Median (IQR) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 1.50 (1.0–2.0) | <0.01 |
| Vaginal Sex with Male last 48 hrs | 20.0 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 12.5 (1) | 0.0 (0) | . |
| Condom Use During Vaginal Sex | 0.24 | ||||
| Always | 70.0 (7) | 57.1 (4) | 50.0 (4) | 22.2 (2) | . |
| Sometimes | 0.0 (0) | 25.0 (2) | 33.3 (3) | . | |
| Never | 30.0 (3) | 42.9 (3) | 25.0 (2) | 44.4 (4) | . |
| Anal Sex SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 14.3 (1) | 0.43 |
| Transactional Sex SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 10.0 (1) | 1 |
| BV by Amsel at visit | 12.5 (1) | 30.0 (3) | 12.5 (1) | 66.7 (6) | 0.06 |
| Been Through Menopause | 20.0 (2) | 0.0 (0) | 12.5 (1) | 20.0 (2) | 0.57 |
| Hormonal Contraception last 6 months | 10.0 (1) | 10.0 (1) | 12.5 (1) | 0.0 (0) | 0.88 |
| Other risk behavior and abuse/depression status | |||||
| Current Smoker | 20.0 (2) | 50.0 (5) | 25.0 (2) | 70.0 (7) | 0.11 |
| Ever use crack, cocaine, or heroin | 10.0 (1) | 30.0 (3) | 62.5 (5) | 90.0 (9) | <0.01 |
| Drinks per week, Median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–0.1) | 0.0 (0.0–1.3) | 0.4 (0.0–1.4) | 1.5 (0.2–4.8) | 0.07 |
| CESD, Median (IQR) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 36.5 (34.0–39.0) | 4.5 (2.0–6.0) | 38.5 (33.0–42.0) | <0.01 |
| Any Abuse History | 50.0 (5) | 40.0 (4) | 100 (8) | 100 (10) | <0.01 |
| Any Abuse SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 12.5 (1) | 40.0 (4) | 0.01 |
| Childhood Sexual Abuse | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 100 (8) | 100 (10) | <0.01 |
| Childhood Physical Abuse | 20.0 (2) | 10.0 (1) | 37.5 (3) | 66.7 (6) | 0.06 |
| IPV History | 20.0 (2) | 10.0 (1) | 25.0 (2) | 90.0 (9) | <0.01 |
| IPV SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 12.5 (1) | 40.0 (4) | 0.01 |
| Sexual Abuse History | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 100 (8) | 100 (10) | <0.01 |
| Sexual Abuse SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 30.0 (3) | <0.01 |
| Physical Abuse History | 50.0 (5) | 40.0 (4) | 87.5 (7) | 100 (10) | <0.01 |
| Physical Abuse SLV | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 0.0 (0) | 30.0 (3) | 0.04 |
| Clinical parameters | |||||
| CD4 Count | 475 (395–660) | 739 (523–1086) | 693 (557–782) | 539 (445–702) | . |
| Log Viral Load | 1.5 (1.3–2.6) | 1.7 (1.7–1.8) | 1.3 (1.3–2.7) | 2.4 (1.3–4.0) | 0.58 |
| On HAART | 100 (10) | 100 (10) | 100 (8) | 100 (10) | . |