Table 1.
Characteristics of children under-five and caregivers
| Variables |
Total (N = 1014) |
Group 1 (n = 371) |
Group 2 (n = 643) |
Comparison |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Statistics* |
P-value |
||||
|
Gender, n (%): |
χ2 = 0.03 |
0.87 |
|||
| Boy |
561 (55.3) |
204 (55.0) |
357 (55.5) |
||
| Girl |
453 (44.7) |
167 (45.0) |
286 (44.5) |
||
|
Age child groups, n (%): |
MWU/WW z = -0.41 |
0.68 |
|||
| 0-11 months |
212 (20.9) |
74 (19.9) |
138 (21.5) |
||
| 12-23 months |
279 (27.5) |
112 (30.2) |
167 (26.0) |
||
| 24-59 months |
523 (51.6) |
185 (49.9) |
338 (52.5) |
||
|
Number of children, n (%): |
MWU/WW z = -0.49 |
0.62 |
|||
| 1 |
470 (46.4) |
174 (46.9) |
296 (46.0) |
||
| 2 |
521 (51.4) |
192 (51.8) |
329 (51.2) |
||
| 3 |
21 (2.1) |
4 (1.1) |
17 (2.6) |
||
| 4 |
2 (0.1) |
1 (0.2) |
1 (0.2) |
||
|
Mother’s age in years, median (Q1-Q3) |
28 (26-31) |
28 (26-31) |
28 (26-32) |
MWU/WW z = -0.30 |
0.76 |
|
Mother’s education level, median (Q1-Q3)† |
3 (3-3) |
3 (3-4) |
3 (3-3) |
MWU/WW z = -2.26 |
0.03 |
|
Mother’s number of years of education, median (Q1-Q3) |
9 (9-9) |
9 (9-11) |
9 (9-9) |
MWU/WW z = -1.41 |
0.16 |
|
Mother’s occupation, n (%): |
Fisher exact test |
0.33 |
|||
| Home |
496 (48.9) |
171 (46.1) |
325 (50.5) |
||
| Work |
515 (50.8) |
199 (53.6) |
316 (49.1) |
||
| Do not know |
3 (0.3) |
1 (0.3) |
2 (0.4) |
||
|
Father’s age in years, median (Q1-Q3) |
29 (26-32) |
29 (27-32) |
29 (26-32) |
MWU/WWz-0.15 |
0.88 |
|
Father’s education level, median (Q1-Q3)† |
3 (3-3) |
3 (3-4) |
3 (3-3) |
MWU/WW z = -2.68 |
0.007‡ |
|
Father’s number of years of education, median (Q1-Q3) |
9 (9-9) |
9 (9-12) |
9 (9-9) |
MWU/WW z = -2.00 |
0.046‡ |
|
Father’s occupation, n (%): |
Fisher exact test |
0.51 |
|||
| Home |
12 (1.2) |
6 (1.6) |
6 (0.9) |
||
| Work |
998 (98.4) |
363 (97.8) |
635 (98.8) |
||
| Do not know |
4 (0.4) |
2 (0.6) |
2 (0.3) |
||
|
Relationship to the child, n (%): |
Fisher exact test |
0.003‡ |
|||
| Mother |
796 (78.5) |
300 (80.9) |
496 (77.1) |
||
| Father |
141 (13.9) |
58 (15.6) |
83 (12.9) |
||
| Grandmother |
53 (5.2) |
9 (2.4) |
44 (6.8) |
||
| Grandfather |
22 (2.2) |
4 (1.1) |
18 (2.8) |
||
| Other§ |
2 (0.2) |
0 (0.0) |
2 (0.4) |
||
|
Participant is primary caregiver, n (%): |
χ2 = 14.87 |
0.001‡ |
|||
| Yes |
687 (67.8) |
279 (75.2) |
408 (63.5) |
||
| No |
327 (32.2) |
92 (24.8) |
235 (36.5) |
||
|
Registered as urban or rural, n (%): |
χ2 = 15.96 |
<0.001‡ |
|||
| Urban |
55 (5.4) |
34 (9.2) |
21 (3.3) |
||
| Rural |
959 (94.6) |
337 (90.8) |
622 (96.7) |
||
|
Family net income in last year in ¥, median (Q1-Q3)¶ |
25 000 (20,000- 40 000) |
20 000 (15,000- 35 000) |
25 000 (20,000- 40 000) |
MWU/WW z = -2.24 |
0.03‡ |
| Do not know family income, n (%) |
252 (24.9) |
104 (28.0) |
148 (23.0) |
||
|
Family living expenses in the last year in ¥, median (Q1-Q3) |
20 000 (10,000- 20 000) |
20 000 (10,000- 20 000) |
20 000 (10,000- 20 000) |
MWU/WW z = -0.55 |
0.58 |
| Do not know family living expenses, n (%) | 209 (20.6) | 84 (22.6) | 125 (19.4) | ||
*χ2-test, Mann-Whitney U/Wilcoxon W (MWU/WW), quartile (Q), z-score (z).
†3 = junior high school, 4 = senior high school/technical school.
‡P < 0.05.
§Child’s aunt (wife of brother of father), child’s aunt (wife of brother of mother).
¶n = 646 for total group: n = 248 for group 1 and n = 398 for group 2.