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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Jul;48(7):2379–2395. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3495-z

Table 2.

Mean digit ratio males, study to explore early development

ASD
Digit ratio × 100		 POP
Digit ratio × 100		 Digit ratio
difference
ASD–POP		 p Value
ASD versus POP
Left hand, n = 910
  Total sample
    Unadjusted, n = 910 94.20 94.56 − 0.36 0.162
    Adjusteda, n = 842 93.47 93.68 − 0.21 0.422
  Restriction to subgroups (unadjusted)
    Term birth, n = 784 94.15 94.48 − 0.33 0.226
    Singleton birth, n = 831 94.08 94.47 − 0.39 0.144
    No pre-pregnancy maternal infertility disorders reported, n = 691 94.34 94.59 − 0.25 0.405
    No ovulation medications used by mother to help get pregnant, n = 749 94.27 94.52 − 0.25 0.363
    No maternal progesterone medications used by mother to help get or maintain pregnancy, n = 744 94.25 94.51 − 0.26 0.366
    No maternal smoking during pregnancy, n = 801 93.99 94.62 − 0.63 0.020
  Complete restricted sampleb
    Unadjusted, n = 503 94.01 94.51 − 0.50 0.148
    Adjusteda, n = 477 93.16 93.43 − 0.28 0.423
Right hand, n = 914
  Total sample
    Unadjusted, n = 914 94.08 94.58 − 0.51 0.033
    Adjusteda, n = 846 93.63 93.97 − 0.34 0.172
  Restriction to subgroups (unadjusted)
    Term birth, n = 786 94.04 94.59 − 0.55 0.033
    Singleton birth, n = 834 94.02 94.54 − 0.52 0.039
    No pre-pregnancy maternal infertility disorders reported, n = 696 94.12 94.57 − 0.45 0.098
    No ovulation medications used by mother to help get pregnant, n = 754 94.12 94.59 − 0.46 0.077
    No maternal progesterone medications used by mother to help get or maintain pregnancy, n = 749 94.11 94.54 − 0.43 0.100
    No maternal smoking during pregnancy, n = 806 93.90 94.64 − 0.73 0.004
Complete restricted sampleb
    Unadjusted, n = 507 93.96 94.60 − 0.64 0.044
    Adjusteda, n = 481 93.49 93.97 − 0.48 0.145

Statistically significant findings are indicated in bold

ASD autism spectrum disorder case group, POP population control group

a

Adjusted models included child race-ethnicity, child age at scan, birth order, maternal age at birth, maternal education at birth and maternal prepregnancy body mass index

b

Complete restricted sample was restricted to children born in singleton term births with no pre-pregnancy maternal infertility disorders, no use of maternal ovulation medications or progesterone, and no maternal smoking during pregnancy