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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Autism Dev Disord. 2018 Jul;48(7):2379–2395. doi: 10.1007/s10803-018-3495-z

Table 4.

Mean digit ratio females, study to explore early development

ASD
Digit ratio × 100		 POP
Digit ratio × 100		 Digit ratio
Difference
ASD–POP		 p Value
ASD versus POP
Left hand, n = 489
  Total sample
    Unadjusted, n = 489 94.90 94.59 0.31 0.422
    Adjusteda, n = 460 94.41 93.65 0.76 0.056
  Restriction to subgroups (unadjusted)
    Term birth, n = 437 95.00 94.54 0.46 0.266
    Singleton birth, n = 458 94.81 94.59 0.22 0.587
    No pre-pregnancy maternal infertility disorders reported, n = 366 95.52 94.70 0.82 0.074
    No ovulation medications used by mother to help get pregnant, n = 404 95.26 94.76 0.50 0.242
    No maternal progesterone medications used by mother to help get or maintain pregnancy, n = 404 95.25 94.70 0.55 0.206
    No maternal smoking during pregnancy, n = 430 94.88 94.53 0.35 0.410
  Complete restricted sampleb
    Unadjusted, n = 271 95.61 94.45 1.16 0.049
    Adjusteda, n = 259 95.28 93.53 1.75 0.006
Right hand, n = 489
  Total sample
    Unadjusted, n = 489 95.01 94.87 0.14 0.720
    Adjusteda, n = 461 94.51 93.92 0.59 0.153
  Restriction to subgroups (unadjusted)
    Term birth, n = 438 95.10 94.79 0.31 0.468
    Singleton birth, n = 460 94.70 94.85 − 0.15 0.710
    No maternal infertility disorders reported, n = 367 95.16 94.99 0.17 0.720
    No ovulation medications used by mother to help get pregnant, n = 406 95.18 95.00 0.18 0.685
    No maternal progesterone medications used by mother to help get or maintain pregnancy, n = 406 94.98 94.95 0.03 0.941
    No maternal smoking during pregnancy, n = 431 94.73 94.88 − 0.15 0.728
  Complete restricted sampleb
    Unadjusted, n = 272 94.54 94.76 − 0.22 0.709
    Adjusteda, n = 260 94.08 93.91 0.17 0.791

Statistically significant findings are indicated in bold

ASD autism spectrum disorder case group, POP population control group

a

Adjusted models included child race-ethnicity, child age at scan, birth order, maternal age at birth, maternal education at birth and maternal prepregnancy body mass index

b

Complete restricted sample was restricted to children born in singleton term births with no pre-pregnancy maternal infertility disorders, no use of maternal ovulation medications or progesterone, and no maternal smoking during pregnancy