Table 2.
Characteristics of cataract cases and controls, nested case-control analysis
| Cases (%) (n = 5800) | Controls (%) (n = 21432) | Crude OR* (95% CI) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 40–49 | 92 (1.6) | 328 (1.5) | − |
| 50–59 | 517 (8.9) | 2000 (9.3) | – | |
| 60–69 | 1386 (23.9) | 5368 (25.1) | – | |
| 70–79 | 2450 (41.5) | 9111 (42.5) | – | |
| ≥80 | 1399 (24.1) | 4625 (21.6) | – | |
| Sex | Male | 2524 (43.5) | 9333 (43.6) | – |
| Female | 3276 (56.5) | 12,099 (56.5) | – | |
| Smoking | Non-smoker | 2227 (38.4) | 8542 (39.9) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Current | 621 (10.7) | 2578 (12.0) | 0.95 (0.85–1.05) | |
| Past | 2899 (50.0) | 10,080 (47.0) | 1.12 (1.05–1.19) | |
| Unknown | 53 (0.9) | 232 (1.1) | 0.78 (0.57–1.07) | |
| BMI | <25 | 1046 (18.0) | 3617 (16.9) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 25–29.9 | 2083 (35.9) | 7701 (35.9) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | |
| ≥30 | 2547 (43.9) | 9563 (44.6) | 0.96 (0.88–1.04) | |
| Unknown | 124 (2.1) | 551 (2.6) | 0.69 (0.56–0.86) | |
| CHF | No | 5279 (93.5) | 20,047 (93.5) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 521 (9.0) | 1385 (6.5) | 1.39 (1.25–1.55) | |
| IHD | No | 4439 (76.5) | 17,179 (80.2) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 1361 (23.5) | 4253 (19.8) | 1.26 (1.17–1.35) | |
| Hypertension | No | 2020 (34.8) | 7908 (36.9) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 3780 (65.2) | 13,524 (63.1) | 1.10 (1.03–1.17) | |
| Stroke/TIA | No | 5144 (88.7) | 19,094 (89.1) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 656 (11.3) | 2338 (10.9) | 1.02 (0.93–1.12) | |
| MI | No | 5253 (90.6) | 19,683 (91.8) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 547 (9.4) | 1749 (8.2) | 1.18 (1.06–1.30) | |
| Dyslipidemia | No | 4218 (72.7) | 16,257 (75.9) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 1582 (27.3) | 5175 (24.2) | 1.22 (1.15–1.31) | |
| Asthma | No | 4765 (82.2) | 17,927 (83.7) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 1035 (17.8) | 3505 (16.4) | 1.13 (1.04–1.22) | |
| COPD | No | 5234 (90.2) | 19,910 (92.9) | 1.00 (ref) |
| Yes | 566 (9.8) | 1522 (7.1) | 1.42 (1.28–1.57) | |
| HbA1c level** | ||||
| <48 mmol/mol | 1967 (33.9) | 7570 (35.3) | 1.00 (ref) | |
| 48–57.9 mmol/mol | 1615 (27.8) | 6024 (28.1) | 1.04 (0.97–1.12) | |
| 58–68.9 mmol/mol | 1059 (18.3) | 3681 (17.2) | 1.12 (1.03–1.22) | |
| ≥69 mmol/mol | 952 (16.4) | 3148 (14.7) | 1.16 (1.06–1.27) | |
| unknown | 207 (3.6) | 1009 (4.7) | 0.73 (0.62–0.86) |
BMI Body Mass Index, CHF congestive heart failure, CI confidence interval, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, HbA1c glycated hemoglobin, IHD ischemic heart disease, MI myocardial infarction, OR Odds ratio, ref reference, TIA transient ischemic attack
* adjusted for age, sex, index date, GP practice, and years of follow-up by matching
** average level in the last 3 years prior to the cataract diagnosis