Table 3.
Drug exposure and duration of diabetes history of cataract cases and controls, nested case-control analysis
| Cases (%) | Controls (%) | Crude OR* (95% CI) | Adj. OR** (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Metformin | ||||
| None | 860 (14.8) | 3303 (15.4) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–9 Rx | 1337 (23.1) | 5874 (27.4) | 0.90 (0.82–1.00) | 1.08 (0.98–1.21) |
| 10–29 Rx | 1518 (26.2) | 6251 (29.2) | 1.05 (0.95–1.16) | 1.23 (1.10–1.37) |
| ≥30 Rx | 2085 (36.0) | 6004 (28.0) | 1.64 (1.48–1.82) | 1.34 (1.19–1.50) |
| Sulfonylureas | ||||
| None | 2940 (50.7) | 12,824 (59.8) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–9 Rx | 867 (15.0) | 2908 (13.6) | 1.31 (1.20–1.43) | 1.24 (1.13–1.35) |
| 10–29 Rx | 832 (14.3) | 3031 (14.1) | 1.24 (1.14–1.36) | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) |
| ≥30 Rx | 1161 (20.0) | 2669 (12.5) | 2.09 (1.92–2.28) | 1.37 (1.24–1.50) |
| Insulin | ||||
| None | 5153 (88.8) | 20,001 (93.3) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–9 Rx | 229 (4.0) | 643 (3.0) | 1.40 (1.20–1.63) | 1.27 (1.08–1.50) |
| 10–29 Rx | 192 (3.3) | 430 (2.0) | 1.81 (1.52–2.16) | 1.46 (1.22–1.76) |
| ≥30 Rx | 226 (3.9) | 358 (1.7) | 2.72 (2.29–3.24) | 1.85 (1.53–2.23) |
| TZD | ||||
| None | 4954 (85.4) | 19,278 (90.0) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–9 Rx | 249 (4.3) | 728 (3.4) | 1.41 (1.21–1.63) | 1.02 (0.87–1.19) |
| 10–29 Rx | 289 (5.0) | 784 (3.7) | 1.55 (1.35–1.79) | 1.07 (0.92–1.24) |
| ≥30 Rx | 308 (5.3) | 642 (3.0) | 2.07 (1.80–2.40) | 1.27 (1.09–1.48) |
| Other antidiabetics | ||||
| None | 5254 (90.6) | 20,055 (93.6) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–9 Rx | 231 (4.0) | 634 (3.0) | 1.48 (1.27–1.73) | 1.11 (0.94–1.31) |
| 10–29 Rx | 193 (3.3) | 505 (2.4) | 1.62 (1.36–1.92) | 1.13 (0.94–1.36) |
| ≥30 Rx | 122 (2.1) | 238 (1.1) | 2.18 (1.74–2.74) | 1.30 (1.01–1.65) |
| Systemic steroids | ||||
| None | 4118 (71.0) | 16011 (74.7) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 1–9 Rx | 1064 (18.3) | 3883 (18.1) | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) | 1.08 (0.99–1.16) |
| 10–29 Rx | 294 (5.1) | 847 (4.0) | 1.35 (1.17–1.54) | 1.41 (1.22–1.63) |
| ≥30 Rx | 324 (5.6) | 689 (3.2) | 1.85 (1.61–2.13) | 1.87 (1.62–2.16) |
| Duration of diabetes | ||||
| <2 years | 2024 (34.9) | 9482 (44.2) | 1.00 (ref) | 1.00 (ref) |
| 2–4.9 years | 1805 (31.1) | 7198 (33.6) | 1.43 (1.32–1.54) | 1.24 (1.13−1.36) |
| 5–9.9 years | 1551 (26.7) | 4174 (19.5) | 2.76 (2.52–3.04) | 2.05 (1.81−2.31) |
| ≥10 years | 420 (7.2) | 578 (2.7) | 8.03 (6.74–9.57) | 5.14 (4.19−6.30) |
* adjusted for age, sex, index date, GP practice, and years of follow-up by matching
** additionally adjusted for the variables in the table
TZD Thiazolidinediones, Rx prescriptions, OR Odds ratio, CI confidence interval, ref reference