Table 2.

PBMs for child-based populations

(1) Author, year (2) Journal (3) Tool (4) Range of values	(1) Dimensions included (2) Severity levels	(1) Elicitation method (2) Valuation method	1) Validation (2) Countries with value sets
(1) Stevens (2012) (2) PharmacoEconomics (3) CHU-9D (4) 0.3369–1 (recalibrated for dead = 0 and perfect health = 1)	(1) Nine dimensions: worried, sad, pain, tired, annoyed, schoolwork, sleep, daily routine, and ability to join in activities (2) Five severity levels: no pain, little bit of pain, bit of pain, quite a lot of pain, a lot of pain	(1) Standard gamble (2) To establish the UK value set, 300 adults were interviewed in the UK using standard gamble methodology. Following the exclusion criteria, 282 respondents were included in the data analysis which equated to 2478 observations. The 300 respondents were interviewed face to face. The utility values were obtained from the UK general public. The public were not aware that they were valuing health states for children	(1) 6–17 years (2) UK; Australia
(1) McCabe [12] (2) Health economics (3) HUI 2 (4) − 0.064 to 1 (recalibrated for dead = 0 and perfect health = 1)	(1) Six dimensions: sensation, mobility, emotion, cognitive, self-care, and pain (2) 4–5 levels: Free of pain, occasional pain, frequent pain, frequent pain; frequent disruption of normal activities, severe pain	(1) Standard gamble (2) 20 face-to-face interviews were conducted in the UK among the UK general public. 198 interviews were conducted, with 176 interviews included in the data analysis after exclusion criteria had been applied. Those interviewed were told to imagine that they were a 10-year-old child and that they should expect to live the next 60 years	(1) Self-administered (12–18); interviewer-administered (8–18) (2) Canada, UK
(1) Wille [13] (2) Quality of life research (3) EQ-5D-Y (4) − 0.594 to 1 (recalibrated for dead = 0 and perfect health = 1)	(1) 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression (2) Three severity levels: no pain, some pain, a lot of pain	No child-specific value set currently exists for the EQ-5D-Y. Therefore the responses are valued using the EQ-5D adult tariff. The following information is regarding the adult tariff (1) TTO (2) Face-to-face interviews were conducted in the UK among the UK general public. 3395 interviews were conducted, with 2997 interviews included after exclusion criteria. The valuation for the 13 states were elicited using a specially designed double-sided board. One side was relevant for states that were regarded as better than dead, and other side for states that were regarded as worse than being dead. Respondents were led by a process of “bracketing” to find their point of indifference between the two alternatives	(1) EQ-5D-Y has been used in children 7–18 years; however, it has not been validated (2) EQ-5D-3L adult value sets: Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Netherlands, Slovenia, Spain, UK, USA, Zimbabwe
(1) Moodie [14] (2) Health and quality of life outcomes (3) AQOL-6D Adolescent (4) Ranges vary by country: AQoL-6D Adolescent = (AQoL-6D adult)1.19, where 1.19 is the correction factor for Australia, 1.57—Fiji, 0.87—NZ & 1.87—Tonga	(1) Six dimensions: independent living (household tasks, mobility, walking, self-care), mental health (despair, worry, sadness, agitation), coping (energy, control, coping), relationships (friendships, family, community), pain (frequency of pain, degree of pain, effect on usual activities), senses (seeing, hearing, communication) (2) 4–5 Severity levels: pain interferes with usual activities never/rarely/sometimes/often/ always	(1) TTO (2) Surveys were administered in a classroom setting of students in Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, and Tonga. 279 secondary school students in total responded to the survey, with at least 60 students from each country. The 2790 health states valued were used to estimate the remaining health states using a multiplicative model	(1) 12–18 (2) Australia, New Zealand, Fiji, Tonga