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. 2018 Jun 12;8:8977. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-27119-4

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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DCN inhibits differentiation of trophoblast cells. (a) Shows DCN effects on HLA-G (EVT marker) mRNA (left panel, by qPCR) and protein expression (immunostaining) in HTR-spheroid derived cells. (b) Shows representative images of DCN effects on syncytialization markers (loss of junctional E-cadherin and stimulation of CGB expression) by immunostaining in p-trophoblast cells grown as monolayer. (c) Shows DCN effects on mRNA expression (of CGB and Syncyin) for 8-bromo cAMP induced syncytialization in Bewo cells (n = 5, *indicates p < 0.05). (d) Shows representative images of DCN effects on syncytialization markers (loss of junctional E-cadherin and stimulation of CGB expression) by immunostaining in Bewo cells.