Table 1.
Neuropathological findings of glia in bipolar disorder.
| Author/Year | N | Sex (m/f) | Age (y) | Suicide | Brain Region | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malchow et al., 2015 | 08 | 04/04 | 56.38 (± 11.1) | 03 | Hippocampus | ↑ number of oligodendrocytes in CA1 when compared to HC. |
| Feresten et al., 2013 | 34 | 16/18 | 45.40 (± 10.7) | 15 | DLPFC | ↑ GFAP when compared to HC. |
| Gos et al., 2013 | 06 | 03/03 | 55.70 (± 13.3) | 00 | Hippocampus | ↓ numerical density of S100B-immunopositive astrocytes in the CA1 pyramidal compared HC. ↓density of S100B-immunopositive oligodendrocytes in the left alveus. |
| †Torres-Platas et al., 2011 | 10* | 07/03 | 48.6 (± 5.3) | 10 | ACC | Astrocytes with larger cell bodies, longer and more ramified processes when compared to HC. |
| Pantazopoulos et al., 2010 | 11 | 070/4 | 66.7 (± 17.3) | 00 | Deep amygdala nuclei Entorhinal cortex |
↑positive glial cells marker in the lateral nuclei of the amigdala. ↓ glial cell marker in layer III of the entorhinal cortex. |
| Rao et al., 2010 | 10 | 06/04 | 49.0 (± 7.2) | 05 | Frontal cortex | ↑ GFAP expression and ↑ level of CD11b mRNA. |
| Altshuler et al., 2010 | 10 | 06/04 | 44.5 (± 10.7) | 07 | Amygdala | ↓ density of GFAP-immunoreactive astrocytes in the amygdala of subjects with MDD compared to the bipolar disorder. |
| Dean et al., 2006 | 08 | 04/04 | 59.0 (± 3.6) | 00 | Frontal and parietal cortices | ↓S100β in BA 9 and ↑ S100β in BA 40 when compared to HC. |
| Uranova et al., 2004 | 15 | 09/06 | 42.3 (± 13.1) | 09 | Frontal cortex | ↓numerical density of oligodendroglial cells was found in layer VI when compared to HC. |
| Ongür et al., 1998 | 18 | 11/07 | 54.8 (± 12.6)/ 44.9 (± 3.2)** | 06 | Subgenual part of BA 24 | ↓ numbers of glia cells when compared to HC. |
| Damadzic et al., 2001 | 13 | 07/06 | 44.0 (± 12.0) | 07 | Entorhinal cortex | No significant difference in density of GFAP-positive astrocytes between the psychiatric diagnostic groups and the HC. |
ACC: anterior cingulate cortex; BA: Brodmann area; CA: Cornu Ammonis 1; CD11b: a marker of astrocyte and microglial activation; DLPFC: Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein; HC: healthy controls; HLA-DR: monoclonal human leukocyte antigen-D realted antibody; ↑: increased/elevated; ↓: decreased; *: unipolar and bipolar depression subjects; **: two different brain banks used.